1800s american insults

Definition: something foolish or worthless. Someone who lives beyond their means, or seems to spend extravagantly. Also, I don't we will know them all because swearing can be very specific to a region or profession. A large relaxed penis, also a dull inanimate fellow., A low mean fellow, employed in all sorts of dirty work., An ill-dressed shabby fellow; also a mean-spirited person., A poor sneaking fellow, a man of no spirit., A ragged fellow, whose clothes hang all in tatters., A vulgar address or nomination to any person whose name is unknown Thingum-bobs, testicles.. His lip hangs down like a blacksmiths apron. N. Korea insults Biden, slams defense agreement with Seoul South Korea's Yoon talks of nuclear threat at Harvard visit In the midst of the Cold War in the late 1970s, U.S. nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarines made frequent port visits to South Korea, sometimes two to three visits per month, according to the Federation of American Scientists. Although users will most likely disagree about this, calling someone a whore's son in 1800 was legally good enough to challenge someone to a duel to defend their honor. "Thompson's colt," a reporter in the Saint Paul, Minn., Globe of Nov. 20, 1882, wrote, "was such an infernal idiot, that he swam across the river to get a drink.". He couldnt hit the ground with his hat in three throws. Mudsill: unflattering Confederate term for a Yankee. An effeminate man, one who malingers amongst the women. ", A prostitute, who presumably works in the countryside ("creeper" could also be substituted for "prowler" or "ranger"), Example: "See that hedge-creeper over in the cul-de-sac? One whose buttocks may be seen through his pocket-hole; this saying arose from the old philosophers, many of whom despised the vanity of dress to such a point as often to fall into the opposite extreme. Redneck: uncouth hick. Dude: a fastidious man; fop or clotheshorse. In a statement at 11 a.m. Eastern . Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Era: The 1800s. The word heel took on that very meaning in 1810. It's what you'd use to refer to a person who's short and tiny and kawaii, but whom you don't want to insult by pinching their cheeks or cooing at . The words may change (and you can look them up yourself) but the idea is always the same. It was no different in 1800s America. Were you to describe the high-flown speech of another using other adjectives available to you (grandiloquent, fustian, orotund) you might well be found guilty of the crime yourself. Below are the definitions for these Victorian insults, plus 14 more rude words that we definitely think should be integrated back into modern vernacular. Another of Shakespeares best put-downs, coined in Henry IV, Part 2: Away, you scullion! 97-99. Union soldiers also were called blueskins, after the color of their uniforms. The Mont-Saint-Michel is one of Europe's most unforgettable sights. It was a different time. Also, when asking this question, it is important to know which class of individuals you are speaking of. The American Revolution saw 30,000 men become soldiers, while the Civil War saw almost 3 million. An excessive, incessant talker or chatterer. Nuts: mentally unbalanced; crazy in a negative way. Nightman is the term for a person who empties privies by night. Arose in Texas before 1836. The threat about retaining all Mexico is mere flummadiddle, of course. The election pitted John Adams, Washingtons successor and the standing president, against his own vice president Thomas Jefferson, whose Democratic-Republicans championed the cause of small farmers and the working man. There is also the expression "take the lord's name in vain" which seems to indicate that at one time when swearing people said "God dammit." Foolish, half-witted, nonsensical; it is usual to call a very prating shallow fellow, a rank spoon.. Loony: short for lunatic; possibly also influenced by the loon bird, known for its wild cry. And Florida? Union soldiers also were called blueskins, after the color of their uniforms. or "Your mother is quite popular with sailors." Hed been in the desert so long, he knew all the lizards by their first names. Loony bin, slang for insane asylum, arose 1919. looking down, found I had disarrayed my fair partner of lots of roses, and two yards of flounce or flummediddle, which skirted the lower part of her dress. ), Podcast #858: The Affectionate, Ambiguous, and Surprisingly Ambivalent Relationship Between Siblings, How to Fight Entitlement and Develop Gratitude in Your Kids, How and Why to Hold a Weekly Marriage Meeting, You Dont Have to Be Your Dad: How to Become Your Familys Transitional Character, Podcast #810: How to Turn a Boy Into a Man, Sunday Firesides: Climb the Ladder of Love, Podcast #865: How to Win Friends and Influence People in the 21st Century, Podcast #863: Key Insights From the Longest Study on Happiness, Podcast #875: Authority Is More Important Than Social Skills, Podcast #874: Throw a 2-Hour Cocktail Party That Can Change Your Life, 9 Mental Distortions That Are Sabotaging Your Social Life, Skill of the Week: Shuffle a Deck of Cards, Skill of the Week: Start a Fire in the Rain, Skill of the Week: Remove a Fish Hook From Your Finger, Podcast #883: The Naturalists Art of Animal Encounters, Lets Bring Back: The Lost Language Edition, Sunday Firesides: Bring Back the Kids Table, Sunday Firesides: A Man of 50 Is Responsible for His Face, The 12 Days of Christmas Giveaways: Gifts Under $50, Being who belongs to the cult of non-virility, A mind that functions at six guinea-pig power, Well-meaning, pinheaded, anarchistic crank. We only recommend products we genuinely like, and purchases made through our links support our mission and the free content we publish here on AoM. When a vulgar, blustering fellow asserts that he is a gentleman, the retort generally is, Yes, a gentleman of four outs, that is, without wit, without money, without credit, and without manners. Arose during the American Civil War. Thomas Paine, who wrote the 1776 pamphlet Common Sense, was a vociferous critic of President John Adams. Thanks! ", Example: "Quit being such a meater and jump out of the plane, Frank! Heeler: unscrupulous political lackey. New Manufacturing jobs added daily. The Art of Manliness participates in affiliate marketing programs, which means we get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Via Wikimedia Commons, Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, Adams by John Trumbull By: Peter Feuerherd July 4, 2016 3 minutes Origin of the slang term "Becky" -- was there originally a vulgar connotation? Kathleen, what an interesting collection of terms! "If there was any kind of trading," noted the Grant County Herald in Wisconsin on July 17, 1847, "in which Simon B. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. Whippersnapper: young, presumptuous and/or impertinent person. How we long for learned, dispassionate discourses on the issues of the day, the way the Founding Fathers would have wanted it. An old English dialect word for someone who drawls or speaks indistinctly. Babies sometimes literally were born in the shadow of a gun carriage. Middle English _lunatik_, from Anglo-French or Late Latin; Anglo-French _lunatic_, from Late Latin _lunaticus_, from Latin _luna_; from the belief that lunacy fluctuated with the phases of the moon. They remained pen pals for the rest of their lives and passed . What is scrcpy OTG mode and how does it work? And theres more where that came from if you browse through English lexicographer Francis Grose's A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, first published in 1785. 1. Let's bring 19th-century slang back! Slantindicular sounds a bit similar to a good number of other fanciful 19th century Americanisms on this list, and much like several of them it is a portmanteau. Hes used to my bringing up stuff like this because of my love of mythology and old medieval sagas and epics poor guy! A Virginia slave revolt by an artisan named Gabriel was inspired by visions of liberty. Outrageous newspaper invective. Commercial Advertiser (New York, NY), 29 Sept. 1828. Nigmenog A very silly fellow. Its amazing how some of these terms are still used today. Back Biter "One who slanders another behind his back, i.e. In my opinion, education doesn't really factor in to how much someone swears or whether they swear more than others. Yes, I know it's the less common use, but that's what he is, Diane. His heterodox Christianity also raised charges of atheism. In addition to absquatulate, the reader is informed of the meaning of a number of other similar terms, many of which have retained some degree of currency in our language; flustrated (frustrated and prostrated, greatly agitated), rip-roarious, (ripping and tearing), and fitified (subject to fits) have seen enough continued use that we define them in our Unabridged Dictionary. : What's your problem . In 1864, Harper's Weekly helpfully published an article which contained a small compendium of some of the insults that had been lobbed Lincoln's way: "Filthy story-teller, Ignoramus Abe, Despot, Old scoundrel, big secessionist, perjurer, liar, robber, thief, swindler . Another of Shakespeares inventions directed at the gross, womanizing knight Falstaff in Henry IV, Part 1. He was mean enough to steal a coin off a dead mans eyes. (The related British term nutter, meaning insane person, first appeared in print 1958.). . If all his brains were dynamite, there wouldnt be enough to blow his nose. Sidewinder: dangerously cunning or devious person. He was mean enough to steal a coin off a dead man's eyes. The Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana), 13 June 1837. Nincompoop A fool. Macron's European army is an insult to Nato and the Americans who pay for it. Also sometimes used by members of the military to describe going to war. A portmanteau may refer to a large suitcase, or to a word that is formed by blending two or more distinct forms. Newbern (North Carolina) Spectator and Political and Political Register, 15 Aug. 1834, Definition: to trick or deceive someone : bamboozle, hoax, The origins of hornswoggle are unknown; as is occasionally the case with such words it has been supposed that it was a fanciful creation, rather than one wrought of the bones of some other language. Thanks for an interesting post. An 18th-century word for an especially large shoe, and consequently a clumsy or awkward person. It has gone through a number of meanings and spellings since it first began being used in the early 19th century, with the earliest use apparently referring to a frill or fringe, as found on a dress. Tim Collins 25 April 2023 3 . ", A policeman, especially one tasked with harrying street prostitutes, Example: "I ain't telling you nothing, mutton shunter. Perhaps we just resort to a set of tiresome, overused, meaningless expletives. Abisselfa - By itself. A trifler, idler, good-for-nothing fellow; silly and superficial. Want to improve this question? The work appears to have remained unpublished (perhaps the title had something to do with this), but in reporting on the words contained in the books nascent form the article provides early written evidence of a number of 19th century Americanisms. Arose in Britain in 1788 as a reference to paupers occupying vacant buildings; first recorded use in the American west 1880. A dialect word for someone who not only talks a lot, but who seems to constantly swear. Grass-bellied: disparaging term for the prosperous (especially those whose prosperity had gone to their waist); originally applied to cattle whose stomachs were dangerously distended due to eating too much green grass. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. The cemetery has 4,300 burial plots, all of . Yellow-belly: from 1842, a Texian term for Mexican soldiers. He's no ratbag, but feel free to use that word on your least favorite neighbor. (Wandoughty is an old word for impotence. Absquatulate - To leave or disappear. It's derived from the name of an old French scholar named Nicolas d'Orbellis, who was well known as a supporter of the much-derided philosopher John Duns Scotus (whose followers were the original. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. He was told there was no game of that kind there, but that if he wanted to see the elephant he was on the right track," the Lawrence, Kan., Daily Journal reported on Sept. 2, 1891. In 1800, the American . Her work helped lay the. Cop is an old word for the head, making a dalcop (literally a dull-head) a particularly stupid person. If he closed one eye hed look like a needle. When Laurence Sterne (author of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy) met the Scottish writer Tobias Smollett (author of The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle) in Italy in 1764, he was amazed by how critical Smollett was of all the places he had visited. African Americans played a role in Adams defeat too, even though they were prohibited from voting. So it is possible a person in 1800 could insult someone by asking "Are you sure you are not the son of a whaling captain?" or "I heard the cavalry came to town about the time your mother excused herself from public." or "I hear masters know their servants where you come from." or "You don't look like your father." You should probably see a dermatologist. This is particularly the case when it comes to our modern stock of insults and put-downs. If you call someone a butt sniffer, they know they've been burnt (Phillips sure did!). Clack-box is the more derisive variation. He made an ordinary fight look like a prayer meetin. I prefer my late-night hosts to have weak chins. He aint fit to shoot at when you want to unload and clean yo gun. Two of the loafers, we understand, were yesterday taken and committed to prison; the other has absquatulated. Here are a few from the Old West sure to get the job done. The race was between President John Quincy . It was so dry the bushes followed the dogs around. He was mad enough to swallow a horn-toad backwards. The Journal of Southern History, Vol. Although what was said Ninnyhammer A simpleton. 36. ", Example: "Dan is such a hornswoggler! On the scale of vilified critters, this person is only slightly above snakes. ", She adds: "I'm sure we could find nonsensical-looking words it was Lewis Carroll's time after all and verb phrases of the verb-the-animal type, but I'm not sure about ones with fable origins.". 3) To be Chicagoed to be beaten soundly, as in a baseball shutout. American, or translations from the French. He was mad enough to swallow a horn-toad backwards. There is the expression "To cuss like a sailor" which clearly indicates that sailors used "colorful language" to express themselves. A short gun, with a wide bore, for carrying slugs; also, a dumb, blundering fellow. An idling, lazy good-for-nothing. In the mid-15th century the word meant any young horned animal; by the 17th century, it had been applied to new military recruits. He knows as much about it as a hog does a hip pocket in a bathing suit. It was Americas first contested presidential election campaign, and one of its most important, influencing the way elections and government have been established ever since. What's the difference between "informal", "colloquial", "slang", and "vulgar"? Etc. A gowpen is the bowl formed by cupping your hands together, while a gowpenful-o-anything is a contemptuous term applied to one who is a medley of everything absurd, according to the English Dialect Dictionary. The death toll is estimated around 620,000 people - more than the . Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. 76. There a stop-Jefferson movement (he was seen by opponents as tied to potential mob rule and to the support of the French) failed, eventually leading to the election of Thomas Jefferson as Americas third president. Consequently, a zoilist is an overly-critical and judgmental nitpicker. He couldnt cut a lame cow from a shade tree. Hamilton responded with a published diatribe against his former boss which doomed the Federalists chances and ruined any further upward political aspirations for the first U.S. treasury secretary (rendered in the Tony Award-winning musical as Sit down, John, you fat mother-BLEEP!). And furnished the most of the cant. The issues in the campaign included whether the federal government could be trusted (Adams Federalists were known as the party of big government). ", A shabby person or an unpleasant, deceitful landlord, Example: "So then the mumbling cove told me he was raising my rent 25%. Im going to have to start using that in places for bad guys. Rumbumptious Pompous, haughty. , Funny but nurses from ERs have told me that in-coming traffic goes up on full moon nights, and a long time ago when I was a waitress, we all swore we could tell the crazies came out to eat on a full moon night. Above-Board - In open sight, without artifice, or trick. While scouring old dictionaries for some virile words and phrases that would fit into the book, we came across many others that were beyond awesome but didn . Other words contained in this never-realized dictionary, such as ramsquaddled (rowed up salt river) and spontinaceously (of ones own accord) appear to have been lost with the passage of time. A Stymphalist is someone who smells just as unpleasant. Tenderfoot: newcomer; inexperienced person. [closed], english.stackexchange.com/q/143376/105642, The Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Candidates are called out for personal insults. This is a 17th-century term for a slacker. Someone who only seems able to speak by shouting. In some cases, however, where words have died, no equally worthy substitutes have risen in their places. People are people. An adulterer. I think I'm going to call the police. Some of them I knew so gave me a good laugh. Im still not certain that I can dismiss the moons influence given that it controls the oceans tides. Mao Zedong: Reader, Librarian, Revolutionary? 109, No. You fustilarian! Here are an even dozen, pretty much forgotten slanglike words or sayings from the 19th century, rediscovered while delving in the archives and with added guidance from James Maitman's 1891 American Slang Dictionary: 1) Too high for his nut beyond someone's reach. What does "ratchet" mean and when was it first used? In the 1680s, the word meant lowest sill of a house. In March 1858, it entered American politics when James M. Hammond of South Carolina used the term derogatorily during a speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Arose c. 1866 among miners, apparently in reference to an outsiders need to toughen his feet in order to walk among rocks and stones where mining typically took place. Buffoon. Always interesting to read your posts on word origins and meanings. This one is specific to the Isle of Wight and refers to a messy or dirty woman. He was as popular as a wet dog at a parlor social. Hes too lazy to yell Sueee in a pig pen. The trick to be played It means his penis doesn't work. Why are players required to record the moves in World Championship Classical games? Above Snakes - If you were "above snakes," you were above ground - meaning still alive. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. An effeminate man, one who malingers amongst the women. But you can still use these highfalutin words. Have heard or read most of these. We publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Lunk: slow-witted person. His face was puckered like wet sheepskin before a hot fire. Southwest Airlines has resumed flights after grounding all planes in the U.S. following a technology glitch. Addle Pate "An inconsiderate foolish fellow." 2. This word should not be confused with cold-jawed (obstinate), flap-jawed (talking excessively or indiscreetly), iron-jawed (rigorously determined), or slack-jawed (having the lower jaw dropped especially as indicating amazement or stupidity). ", Example: "Stop being vazey and call a cab, Brent. What's wrong with New England, anyway? Mulatto. So if someone is acting cowardly, pull out this little . 1827. A miser; a covetous wretch, one who, if possible would take the skin off a flint. I heerd one slick-cheeked chap, what was sitting behind me, singing as they were playing. Counting and finding real solutions of an equation. He was as shy of brains as a terrapin is of feathers. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Kristin Hunt is a staff writer for Thrillist, and is a total whooperup, but she's okay with that. Parasite; one that cannot rise in the morning. What expressions were used profanely that would seem mild or strange today? I don't think we will ever know. Zoilus was a Greek grammarian who became known as one of the most vitriolic critics of Homer, author of The Iliad and The Odyssey. Originally (late-15th C.) bellows for an organ.. Also, his tattered coat was hideous. Exactly when the term arose is uncertain, but diaries indicate it was in use in Californias mining districts by 1849. in his absence." 3. Boston Spectator and Ladies Album, 21 Apr. In the late 1960s, gubernatorial candidate Ronald Reagan made political hay by picking a fight with UC Berkeley over student protest and tenured radicals.. If someone we meet or are apprised of in the news conducts themselves in an objectionable way, what words do we have at our disposable to call them? Mall-maggot: Kids hanging out at the mall who don't have anything better to do. Definition: something foolish or worthless. Grayback: Confederate soldier, based on the color of their coats. ", A sexually incompetent man, who is either too young to have had sex or one who is too old to attempt it ("flapdoodle" also referred to nonsense or rubbish and ladyparts in the same time period), Example: "I read in Holly Madison's memoir that Hugh Hefner is a weird old flapdoodle, if you know what I mean. Above One's Bend - Out of one's power, beyond reach. Bluebelly: from the early 1800s in the U.S. South, a derogatory term for a northerner; a Yankee. 6. Bigmouth: a person who talks too much, usually about something another doesnt want discussed. More property was donated and added after that, and in 1920, the grounds were turned over to Fresno County. People have always used race, religion, ethnicity, sexual interests, level of intelligence, or place of origin to insult another person, along with references to body parts. What is this brick with a round back and a stud on the side used for? He didnt have manners enough to carry guts to a bear. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. 'Dog' can be seen to be used as an insult in 19th-Century literature such as A Tale of Two . But you dont have to rely just on Shakespeare to spice up your vocabulary. This saloons so bad, a rattlesnaked be ashamed to meet his mother. Dire predictions of warfare and national collapse. All are worthy of a revival. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. Shirley Chisholm: the first black female U.S. Representative, first black major-party candidate for President, and the first Democratic Party woman to run. . 4) See the elephant to see all the sights of a town, especially the edgier aspects. His knifes so dull it wouldnt cut hot butter. It has gone through a number of meanings and spellings since it first began being used . The term arose in England c. 1665-1675, possibly as a variant of the much older (and obscure) snippersnapper. Modern Americans have Hollywood westerns to thank for inexorably associating the term with cranky elders in the Old West: The word was virtually unused in America prior to the popularity of western talkies., Windbag: person who talks too much, especially in a self-aggrandizing way. Slantindicular, which is not one of the better-known portmanteaus, is a blend of slanting and perpendicular. It only takes a minute to sign up. And why would you exclude Georgia? Rattlecap An unsteady, volatile person. May I be tetotally twisted if I cant ram-squaddle two like you, you jimber-jawed rascal. Gouge himchew him up. Here the noise increased to such a pitch, that the Englishman thought all the imps of the lower regions were let loose upon him. What language function does profanity serve? Alexandria (Virginia) Gazette, 11 Sept. 1830. I think that's baloney. Here is a brief guide to Old West insults to help you get started. The infamous 3/5 rule in the Constitution, which counted slaves in determining electors via that percentage, helped cement Jeffersons electoral strength in the South. Arose as American slang c. 1896. In the 1840s it settled down a bit, and began to see service in the role that it was obviously born to play, which is as a synonym for fiddle-faddle, folderol, or flapdoodle. Swearing and Cussing - 19TH Century style : Always worthwhile to search our past posts prior to asking: Unless somebody produces a written diary from that era, or a serious survey/questionnaire that reported how often people from Tennessee and N. Caroline swore and blasphemed in the 19th century, the answer will be "We don't know". A mean-spirited fellow; a sneaking, cowardly man. What It Meant: Doing well. Say no more. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. 5. Also called a cumbergroundsomeone who is so useless, they just serve to take up space. Bathers at the beach, 1897. By the middle of the 19th century flummadiddle was used variously as a verb or as an interjection: L. (Jumping up.) Rumors that enslaved Black New Yorkers were planning a revolt spread across Manhattan even more quickly than fires for which they were being blamed. Voters instead marked their preferences with candidates for state legislatures, who then selected electors. Smollett returned home and published his Travels Through France and Italy in 1766, and in response Sterne published his Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy two years later. . The Framers had viewed political parties with suspicion, but by the 1790s party politics had taken rootand with it the interests of party organizations began to exert influence. By 1884, meaning had shifted to energetic worker. The sense prostitute arose c. 1924. Innovative new forms of politicking capitalizing on a growing technology. He had a ten-dollar Stetson on a five-cent head. Arose mid-1800s in the U.S. from Scottish and Northern English hallion, meaning worthless fellow. Americans may have changed the A to an E because hell seemed appropriate, although the shift could as easily represent a simple mispronunciation that stuck. In the 16th century, lubberwort was the name of an imaginary plant that was supposed to cause sluggishness or stupidity, and ultimately came to be used as a nickname for a lethargic, fuzzy-minded person. Was to hornswoggle Grant, 4 (Oct., 1948), pp. . "That north show window of Shute & Haskell's is a 'lally-cooler,' " the Jan. 4, 1890, Salina, Kan., Republican noted. ", A promiscuous woman or prostitute; less commonly, a dissolute man, Example: "That dude who hangs out around the hotel late at night is a wagtail. And as a bonus, weve also included a section of unique insults issued by none other than Theodore Roosevelt a man who never suffered fools, or white-livered weaklings, lightly. Informal words and expressions that popped up in popular parlance, especially in the 19th century, says Lynne Murphy an American linguist who teaches at the University of Sussex in England are "going to stay fairly local, and so there can be a lot of variation not just between countries, but between cities, between social classes, et cetera. Yankees embraced the term as a way of flipping Rebs the proverbial bird. We asked Lynne Murphy to comment on a few items in the list above. If not just a variation of fustilugs, he likely meant it to mean someone who stubbornly wastes time on worthless things. The anthology is filled with slang words and terms of the kind dictionary scribe Samuel Johnson had previously deemed unfit for his influential A Dictionary of the English Language (1755). 8) Shoddyocracy people who get rich selling shoddy merchandise or services. Neat to see where some of these words come from. Hamiltons strange behavior in 1800 loomed large in Adams defeat, A Virginia slave revolt by an artisan named Gabriel was inspired by visions of liberty, TheVirginiaMagazineofHistoryandBiography, Gabriel's Conspiracy and the Election of 1800, Jefferson and the Election of 1800: A Case Study in the Political Smear, Reviewed Work: America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800 by Bernard A. Weisberger, The Significance of Shirley Chisholms Presidential Campaign, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation.

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