Student pilots normally dont violate this one as they tend to be slow and methodical. No aircraft should attempt to take off with frost, snow, or ice adhering to wings, propellers, control surfaces, engine inlets, or other critical surfaces. 0000049616 00000 n 0000248652 00000 n It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel. Runways are generally much wider than taxiways, and as a result seeing signs at their edge can be surprisingly difficult. A great flight instructor of mine once told me, You can either have power in or use the brakes, but you cant do both because that just doesnt make any sense. He was right. These include: inappropriate use of a restricted taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan. Sh/3R_\l/s`}$xzjh*d3>Y",^Y>@ TSdB$C-)ZetV % :`j@HTPrFL@we[e|TuJ!s|3Kv SJd>|GRHkHVd(MZkzI%(P6}Ylr IV]e MOgc5zCWBndn V. If an engine induction fire occurs while starting a reciprocating engine, what procedure should be followed to extinguish the fire? rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" For anti-icing applications, this fluid is applied undiluted. Even though FBO personnel may deice your aircraft, you are ultimately responsible for ensuring that it was done appropriately. distinguishing the "holding side" of runway holding lines from the 0000061388 00000 n 0000151481 00000 n %PDF-1.6 % Some aircraft are equipped with chart holder "clipboards" times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. 0000148135 00000 n in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. Complete the medical terms based on their meanings and the word parts given. others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed Write a solution to print the number of feet of 12-inch-wide boards that will Joe need to complete a bookcase, given the height and width. The sample may have a cloudy or hazy appearance or a solid slug of water. In the cockpit, complexity and workload will increase. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. 0000026526 00000 n in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. Several 0000101315 00000 n "After deicing [was] started and the [deicing] Oil seeps by the piston rings and accumulates in the combustion chamber of lower cylinders. The SAE in conjunction with the FAA, Transport Canada, airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and producers of deicing fluids develop and publish specific procedures for aircraft ground deicing. Type III fluids were formulated for use on small commuter-type aircraft with take-off rotation speeds that exceed approximately 60 knots. (a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil . Driving infractions should be investigated and additional training provided where appropriate. 0000033519 00000 n At busy locations, however, pilots may be instructed by the ground controller to "contact clearance delivery" on a frequency designated for this purpose, No surveillance or control over the movement of traffic is exercised by this position of operation, Taxiing checklists are sometimes specified by the AFM/POH, and the pilot must accomplish any items that are required, If there are no specific checklist items, taxiing still provides an opportunity to verify the operation and cross-check of the flight instruments, Additionally, the heading indicator should not precess more than 3 in 15 minutes, These checks can be accomplished on conventional mechanical instrumented aircraft or glass cockpits, Do not perform any items while taxiing that prevent you from safely operating the aircraft, Complete all checklists required before taxi, Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display where the winds are coming from, Contact Clearance Delivery, as appropriate. Aviation enforcement and processes, corporate and non-corporate offenders. MITRE is enhancing aviation's safety toolkit with an application designed to prevent pilots from taxiing onto a runway without permission, a scenario that poses an enormous collision risk. Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals.

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