a. had more education. Thus, when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender (rather than being gender), a notion first coined by West and Zimmerman (1987). Intersectional theory reminds us to consider how race, gender, and social class not only impact our social structures and our social interactions but are also engrained within our social institutions. Symbolic interactionism aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction. To consider racism as normal, not deviant or an aberration, implies that race is normalized as business as usual in our social structures such as our schools, housing patterns, the workplace, politics, mass media including television and social media, sports, the criminal justice system, and so on. According to proponents of critical race theory, race has been structured into the functions, systems and social institutions of our society. d. all of these. Women have higher rates of HIV/AIDS worldwide. a. number of female-headed households. On the average, men in the United States As discussed in Chapter 1.2 with regards to the social construction of race, since some people who claim a white identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity, how did they come to define themselves as Black or white? ., U. Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. a. women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities. b. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. c. student activism. These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act c. suicide. 1. b. gender role ideology 1. About 9 percent of all those trafficked are children. c. the selffulfilling prophecy. c. gender stereotypes When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. The split labor market benefits the capitalist class because it lowers production costs (therefore increasing profit margins) and also has the added benefit of maintaining a divided (and therefore unorganized) labor force. d. 70. In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooleys developed the theory of the looking-glass self (1902). According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins a. at birth. Conflict theorists examine power disparities and struggles between various racial and ethnic groups. d. die about five years earlier than women. 1. The United States ranked, 1. b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. d. biological differences in capability. Creative Commons Attribution License citation tool such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang. Rist, R. (1970). a. women's labor union The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following? b. Within the institution of higher education, Ladson-Billings and Tate (1995) noted that racialization and marginalization result in African American students coming to the university as "intruders" (p. 60). c. Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household. Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles. Which perspective argues that when income or occupation is inconsistent with traditional gender roles, individuals d. The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972. 1. a. religion Women are overrepresented in administrative positions. Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor. 1. a. children require more time and attention than jobs outside the home. a. Hispanic and black male-headed households A corporations income tax payable is computed as According to Robert Merton, the manifest functions of social institutions and their policies are intended to produce beneficial outcomes. However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. Further, Robin DiAngelo (2018) revealed that 84% of our college professors are white (p. 31). Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? This resulting racial hierarchy has benefited (white) elites (materially) and the working class (psychically), according to Delgado and Stefancic (2001). a. the glass ceiling effect. Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. 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Last year, the list contained c. Taxable income Income tax rate. c. sexual harassment Sexual harassment laws c. occupational sex segregation a. a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men. For example, Vivien Thomas (19101985), the Black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of blue babies was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, despite the fact that he was conducting complicated surgical experiments. As a more radical critique of the status quo, critical race theory centralizes the focus on race to understand our history, our contemporary society, and our social structures - as well as solutions to inequality. c. Most women's jobs are more highly valued than men's jobs. d. balancing act. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. 1. b. 1. The 1965 Civil Rights Act As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women will engage in the traditional division of household labor? 1. a. hiring preferences for veterans The greatest success of early feminists was b. women were more likely to be portrayed in non-traditional than traditional occupations. a. exposure to pollutants through cooking 1. 5 percent Institutional sexism Labeling Theory says that in order to label, all of the following, except ____ are necessary. white over color ascendancy serves important purposes, psychic and material (p. 7) According to labeling theory, which of the following are requirements for labeling sexual behavior as deviant? According to Merton, a dysfunction would be considered a harmful latent outcome of an institutional policy or practice. c. Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children. Gutierrez, Erika. 1. b. b. HIV/AIDS. b. two-parent households are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/12-section-quiz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Finally, when examining the unique voices of color element, it should be understood that people of color contribute distinct ideas, perspectives, and experiences that whites are unlikely to know (Delgado & Stefancic, p. 9). The ________argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization. c. types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs. Girls and boys are treated equally in schools. a. clinical depression. Gender stereotypes are present in the media in which of the following ways? When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. 45 percent In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? According to this framework, the split labor market would help to explain the ethnic antagonism that exists between white workers in the United States and undocumented workers from Latin America. a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. b. improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health. c. gender understanding An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group. b. soon after a child learns to talk. 3. the social construction of race Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate (1995) laid the justification for considering a critical race theory of education. The argument that sex work and prostitution can provide jobs for people who might otherwise have few options for employment is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? 1. 1. c. cognitive a. socially constructed 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. 1. a. based on biological sex differences. 1. a. Currently, choice of college major can account for about ____ percent of the gender wage gap. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. 1. c. the women's corner 1. Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution, Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry. This is an For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the civil rights movement. b. with high concentrations of lesbian and gay employees. Finally, critical race theorists pose a variety of social reforms. According to Goffman, during an interaction, individuals will attempt to control the behavior of the other participants, in order to attain needed information, and in order to control the perception of ones own image. example of b. work that does not require much cognitive ability. The American feminist movement began in which year? b. 1. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males. According to conflict theorists, The way multiple social categories such as race, gender, class, sexuality, intersect to produce unique forms of discrimination and oppression. National Order for Women (NOW) Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT d. double jeopardy. d. industrial. A further example of racialization is the concept of stereotype threat, explained by Claude Steele (2010), when stereotyped individuals, for example, African-American students, are aware of negative stereotypes about their cognitive abilities, tend to experience added pressure to fend off a judgment about their group, and about themselves as members of that group (p. 54). Judging women negatively for seeking sex and pleasure outside relationships, while men are judged less harshly, is known as a _____________. 4. racialization d. Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. In general, females are more likely than males to suffer For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. c. motherhood penalty. . a. Structural-functionalists Culture of prejudice refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. 1999-2023, Rice University. "Pinkcollar" jobs are jobs d. sexual norm. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. c. when a child enters school. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction.

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