Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. Predictive validity. Alogia aka speech poverty is a thought disorder were correct words are used but with little meaning. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Small doses given to people already suffering from schizophrenia tend to worsen their symptoms. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or . Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. B: behavior how do you react in these situations ? Full Text. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. Turkington et al. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Laing believed that schizophrenia was a result of the interactions between people, especially in families. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. 1. a group of people related by blood or marriage or a strong common bond, such as those descended from a common ancestor, or a husband, wife, and their children. As there is strong evidence that relapse is related to stress and expressed emotion within the family, it seems likely that CBT should be employed alongside family therapy in order to reduce the pressures on the individual patient. Refer to one or more typesof family dysfunction in your answer. LS23 6AD Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Psychomotor Disturbances: Stereotypyical Rocking backwards and forwards, twitches, & repetitive behaviors. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. (Total 4 marks) 12 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia (n = 23, 57.5%) followed by epileptic psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) and general psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) with one of psychotic depression and one psychosis secondary to general medical condition. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Therefore there is no need to feel stressed or ashamed about them. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory, Research Methods: Scientific Method & Techniques, The Ethological Explanation of Aggression, Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Kazdin et al. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Delusions of Grandeur). Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. Research by Miyakawa et al. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). For example hallucinations are a symptom of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. It also seems to be aetiologically heterogeneous as different studies have identified different candidate genes. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. The reason for this is because the approach does not consider other factors such as genes. CBT aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve. Toyokawa, Et. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change If family dynamics were the sole cause of schizophrenia, then all children raised in similar environments should be schizophrenic. Evidence for this comes from that fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine . Objectives: To compare social skills in patients with schizophrenia classified according the degree of treatment response and severity of psychopathology with normative controls by using the Del Prette Social Skills Inventory (SSI). The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. basis. There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. Company Reg no: 04489574. Once the patient has had several sessions (often between 5 and 20), they should be able to recognise the fact that their beliefs are not based on reality. Essentially due to . This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is difficult as the practitioner has no physical signs but only symptoms (what the patient reports) to make a decision on. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Participants in Group B, the control group, were a volunteer sample of people who attended a community centre. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. This suggests that biological factors predispose someone to schizophrenia, but this has to be triggered by some sort of experience or stressor. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. For men the figure was 59%. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Sweets and cigarettes. This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. However the difference only emerged in situations where the adopted family was rated as disturbed. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. 3. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? In the USA only 20% of psychiatric patients were classed as having schizophrenia in the 1930s but this rose to 80% in the 1950s . McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). They engage in no self motivated behavior. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? Ayllon and Azrin (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. Inherited factors that make some individuals more likely to develop a certain behaviour or mental disorder. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . The rate of relapse was particularly high if returning to a high EE family was coupled with no medication. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. A. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. One weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. One of the biggest criticisms of the dopamine hypothesis came when Farde et al found no difference between schizophrenics levels of dopamine compared with healthy individuals in 1990. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. (1990). Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. It is more likely Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. It is not clear which comes first. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. Eg. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Abstract. Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. Christopher Frith (1979) argues schizophrenia is the result of a faulty attention system. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . Delusions are false beliefs. To improve how the family communicated and handled the situation. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! Therefore it appears that several neurotransmitters may be involved in the development of schizophrenia, meaning the dopamine hypothesis is too simplistic. Response. less effect on movement Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly.

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