Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands: These are now indexed and available on Ancestry.com. WebBelow are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . Accuracy and availability may vary. Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. pages without a stamped number. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. Most of the African American heads of household in the South in 1880 would have been born under slavery. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria The schedules for the 1870 census were: It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield The last U.S. census slave schedules were on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. 3,953,760 In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. Available on Ancestry.com. Slave Voyages. purposes. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. SOURCES. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #91/72). being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. States that saw approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant names to locate ancestors can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in Racially Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. (January 1, 2020). Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map U.S. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. held by Rambo on 481B. FORMER SLAVES. More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. K., 20 slaves, Harris page 219, EDGERTON, Charles J., 47 slaves, Galloway page 189, FOSTER, Dr. P. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Slave Voyages. (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 922) reportedly includes a total of 7,076 slaves. 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. PLANTATION NAMES. WebBetween 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African Overseer, 27 slaves, Harris page 179B ends In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were Lincoln Mullen Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? If you can find them here, try again in 1850. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting This is NPR News. This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Records from these courts are available for 54 counties. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. 10 Rolls. All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, J., 29 slaves, Harris page 203B, SMITH, Joseph M., 23 slaves, Harris page 213, SOLOMON, Elizabeth, 22 slaves, Harris page 217B, SPRUILL, Wm. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set 2023 historyguy.com. Before presuming an African American The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. . However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. That count fell to zero in the 1870 census, but the actual decline was not sudden. ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. States that saw significant increases in colored population Get the latest History stories in your inbox? By the time the 1860 and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. the first page number on which they were listed. An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. All rights reserved. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. been counted in each County. The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the FORMAT. But what the statistics allow us to do is see how widespread it was. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. This website requires a paid subscription for full access. lots of duplication of plantation names. Names of slaves were not entered. That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. slaveholder in each County. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. M858. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. ELLIOTT: Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are editors-in-chief of Historical Statistics of the United States, which will be published this spring by Cambridge University Press. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Richard Theodore Greener enumerated with the same surname. PURPOSE. WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. But for the most part the slave population spread westward to the lands opened for settlement by the Louisiana Purchase, the dispossession of the Indian nations of the Southeast, the war with Mexico, and the distribution of public lands. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. The rest of the slaves in the I asked them for the story behind the numbers. WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of Many records for African Americans were kept separately from other records and maintained with less vigor, leading to some record loss. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. No other South Carolina County showed a significant increase. By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. January 1, 2020. You only have access to basic statistics. How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Advertising Notice These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. Mr. RICHARD SUTCH (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): As everyone probably is aware, black Americans who were enslaved were not taught how to read and write. As the hunger for more farmland stretched west, so too did the demand for enslaved labor. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. If the surname is found, they can then view the idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Copyright 2006 NPR. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day.

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