COVID-19 resulted in a rapidly increased number of people experiencing psychological problems such as depression, stress and anxiety [2], especially among college students [3]. y in yi = f(xi) + i, becomes zi, in iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS). 7 There are many different types of rationalization defense mechanisms, but they all involve justifying unacceptable behaviors or feelings with logic. Depression. It can also make you feel better about yourself by giving you an explanation for why things went wrong. And if there is an honor code transgression, the council gathers to discuss possible consequences. Mental Health Issues. where k is a roughness penalty matrix, and after setting its derivative to 0 we have: By that I mean that they deny the basic humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within or are served by them. Finally, our results highlighted that while there are mainly similarities across various emotions in terms of signs, they are different in terms of magnitudes and signs for other predictors. This relates to the idea of availability versus variety you can get a lot of one thing, but not necessarily the thing you want. 4. Although the actions of traveling seem to be strongly against social distancing, many outdoor activities are less involved with interacting with other people. In the data analysis, these negative emotions including being sad, afraid, irritable, stressed and guilty, with similar scale were used. Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. List some negitive consequences of rationalization in the following areas,school home and work Expert Answer Legitimization is an endeavor to sensibly legitimize improper, degenerate, or by and large unsatisfactory conduct. You can make it easier to get help when you need it. Under cultural hybridization, as McDonalds enters a country, consumer patterns are unified and local cultures are westernized. For example: Looking Down on Others Im not like those other people. This is helpful for preventing relapse after treatment and helping individuals stay sober in the long term. ferent research literatures traditions on the negative effects asso-ciated with starting school at a younger age and accelerating grades, versus the positive effects for starting school at an older age (i.e., academic red shirting) and repeating a grade. The results section is presented into 3 subsections based on the assigned categories presented in Table 2, and related variables. Our finding is in line with the previous study which found feelings of unsafety and fear are important factors adversely impacting health [35]. It was found that higher degree of irritability is associated with higher BMI among students. In addition, only specific locations with unique demographic characteristics, e.g., location, weather, climate, were incorporated. - key changes in Canadian labour market. Junk-journalism, defined here as inoffensive and trivial news served up in palatable portions, is an example of Mcdonaldization. In another question, the respondents were asked to rate the question of I spend a lot of time thinking about COVID-19 from 1 (strongly disagree)-7 (strongly disagree). The similar explanation applies for Fig 1B. Although strict measures such as social distancing is required to contain the spread of the disease, it impacts the individuals in terms of their habits, lifestyles, and how they see things during this pandemic. For example: When youre anxious because someone criticized your appearance at work but then tell yourself things like, She probably had some bad day herself or It was just my imagination running wild. When you cheated on your partner but tell yourself things like, I was drunk and she started it or He doesnt pay attention to me anyway. When you overeat but say something like, Everybody eats too much sometimes. The results highlighted that a higher family income reduce feeling afraid, irritable, and stressed. In general, it seems that more educated people take the pandemic more seriously than lower educated individuals, which is highlighted by feeling more afraid. this chapter. According to Ritzer, McDonaldization is comprised of four main components: efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. This study aimed to assess the effects of RationalEmotive Education on rational thinking, subjective wellbeing, and selfefficacy of typical students and their levels of social acceptance . Stomach pain and digestive issues. That is an overreaction of people to unprecedented stressor or life events. Mahdi Rezapour, Irritability has been also discussed as a non-specific manifestation of a psychiatric disturbance such as reaction to pain or a mood state, being independent of other emotions such as anxiety [16]. Despite the limitations, we were able to highlight the associations between various variables and negative emotions, especially during life-changing pandemic of COVID-19. At the same time, they are more afraid of COVID-19 compared with other lower educated individuals. Descriptive statistics of important predictors considered in the analysis. In this study feelings of sadness, fear, guilt, irritability, stress were considered as the response, which the following paragraphs will briefly outline. For instance, it was highlighted while avoiding a large group of people, in spite of its importance in curbing the spread of virus, is negatively associated with various negative emotions, taking a possible nonconsequential precaution of completely limiting all people outside the immediate family result in a higher level of negative emotions. Depression, Anxiety, Stress or something else - we are here to help! Out of those, 2,534 responses were obtained and used [26]. 6.4C: The McDonaldization of Society is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Take a shower on a hot day to remove the bad smell and yucky feeling. For instance, it has been discussed that negative emotions could distort the meaning of events, so people interpret their experiences about an event in a negative or self-defeating way [7]. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The link between BMI and irritability was evaluated in previous study [36]. Stress created social and psychological problems for the educator, his/her immediate environment. Many sociologists, critical theorists and contemporary philosophers have argued that rationalization, falsely assumed as progress, has had a negative and dehumanizing effect on society, moving modernity away from the central tenets of Enlightenment. This can be helpful for preventing negative emotions from building up and causing problems in our lives. Emotions of sadness, fear, irritability, stress and guilt were incorporated in a unified model by means of seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). That is because it might invoke negative feelings of being ignored, unwelcomed, or left alone with fear. On the other hand, irritability could be defined as conceptualized anger associated with other negative emotions, which could occur with minimum provocation [15]. Some common rationalizations include: This type of rationalization defense mechanism involves explaining your behavior with excuses, such as claiming that someone made you do it or putting the blame on other people. On one . Max weber rationalization theory.The way that nations interact is through modems such as media and technology, which allow for easy access to knowledge and interpersonal communication. This means to explain something without needing evidence for it. It means, these groups of students can be considered as much affected group of students by negative emotions during the pandemic. For example: Pretending to Like Things That new movie was so terrible! Alarmed by declining enrolment in government schools and potentially adverse academic, administrative and fiscal consequences associated with it, policy makers in India have initiated experimenting with closure of government schools with low enrolments ('small' schools), an exercise commonly referred to as 'school rationalisation'. The next few paragraphs discuss associations between various students characteristics and negative emotional feelings. So, while smoothing a covariate all other covariates are kept as fixed. If youre struggling with this problem yourself or are worried about someone who might be using rationalization as a coping strategy too often, consider seeking out help. However, at the same time results suggest the important of having connection with outside the family such as close friends, which are important factors in mitigation of various students negatively. Having SUR could be elaborated by stacking the equations for creating matrices, in terms of responses and explanatory variables, and then implementation of the smooth parameters on the prepared matrices, which the next few paragraphs outline. Positive Punishment: The act of adding an unpleasant stimulus with the aim of decreasing undesired behavior. Their tasks are highly repetitive, highly routine, and predictable. For instance, the negative impact of social distancing in terms of anxiety [4], stress and anxiety due to the pandemic [5], and emotional intelligence across front-line nurses [6] were evaluated and reported by different groups. Questions were asked related to rationally limiting the spread of virus, and questions related to behaviors that seem to be extreme. Various questions were used in the survey which are mostly self-explanatory and presented in Table 1. Legal. On the other hand, emotions have been defined as psychological states which are accompanied by behaviors, which in turn originated from evaluation or appraisal regarding a change in environment or a current circumstance [9]. To indicate various negative emotional feelings, the respondents could slide a vertical bar to the left or right to indicate their response, and it did not have to be a fixed value. Redeployment and rationalisation had serious negative consequences on learners. Respondents highest level of education was discovered by asking the students whether they are graduate or undergraduate students. A recent insight has revealed the negative impact of rationalization measures on the work environment. It can be very harmful because it prevents us from taking ownership of our own lives and learning from our mistakes. For instance, while higher education is negatively associated with higher feeling of irritability, it is positively associated with feelings of being guilty and afraid. That is in line with the previous study, which found an association between feelings of fear and sadness in the lives of adolescents [41]. Giving the student a warning allows them a chance to correct their own behavior without making them feel embarrassed. Also, the previous study focused on the structure of the variables by means of factor analysis, while we focused mainly on the impact of various variables in a unified model. However, our results highlighted that avoiding all people outside the immediate family is directly associated with negative emotions. Its important that you learn how to stop using rationalization as a defense mechanism. Protests have also been arising in nation-states to protect localized economies and traditional values. A society with rationalized laws and procedures can act more efficiently than one that operates on an ad hoc basis. As Ritzer said, Irrationality means that rational systems are unreasonable systems. The variable was incorporated to study a possible extreme precautionary behavior of students. McDonaldization as described by Ritzer is a reconceptualization of rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific management. 2) rise in precarious employment. You also wont be able to learn from past mistakes and continue on the right path going forward if you refuse to acknowledge what went wrong before so you can move beyond them and make better decisions for yourself moving forward. Ritzer argues that as McDonalds enters a country, consumer patterns are unified, and starting with the food chains, local cultures are westernized. A question was asked regarding how students rate their general health. However, if the student continues in the behavior, they are demonstrating that they recognize they are breaking the . The first one, efficiency, is the optimal method for accomplishing a task. The McDonaldization Theory of George Ritzer. Defense mechanisms can be broken down into two categories: primitive and mature defense mechanisms. Choice theory also implies that the juveniles have "little to no fear of getting caught" and that the benefits of the crime outweigh the negative consequences. List some negative consequences of rationalization in the following areas: school, home, work, and relationships. Defense mechanisms can be either healthy or unhealthy. This is easily accepted by others with little to no scrutiny or pushback from those around you. In Ritzers reconceptualization, McDonaldization is the process of rationalization that Weber found inherent in bureaucracies extended to fast-food chains such as McDonalds under globalization. Catastrophizing has been defined as a tendency to magnify the imposed threats [44]. Here feeling sad might be related to feeling empathy for a friend or family member. Besides, spending too much thinking about COVID-19 was also found to increase various negative emotions, while higher family income result in a reduction of feeling stressed and irritable. Considering students life which can always challenge their mental well-being, studies showed that the pandemic has indeed disrupted students lives and created sense of uncertainty and stress with unfavorable effects on their learning and mental well-being [25]. At Mantra Care, we have a team of therapists who provide affordableonline therapyto assist you with issues such asdepression,anxiety,stress,relationship,OCD,LGBTQ, andPTSD. It can help them to have someone who will encourage them to keep going even when things get difficult again. In psychotherapy, a defense mechanism is a coping strategy. 4- Discuss the issue of deadlines as they apply to any area of your life. Positive mental health essentially allows you to effectively deal with lifes everyday challenges. . Sadness was discussed as universal and an inevitable aspect of human beings, which might be a response to the death of a loved one [11]. The pandemic has posed an intense threat to the mental health of younger adults. Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect ourselves from anxiety or stress. Choice Theory: Yes or No Choice theory states that juveniles weigh the consequences of a crime or participating in illegal behaviors before they do them. The take-away could be linked to the previous study [49], where a contrast was made between physical distancing and social distancing during COVID-19. The results highlighted positive associations between feelings of being afraid and stressed and limiting outdoor activities. Universities play a pivotal role in helping students to manage their finances. Family income, relative to others in the US, was measured from 1 (well below average)-5 (well above average). Recently, researchers developed an algorithm that effectively solves Heads Up Limit Texas Hold'em, applying game theory from economics. Social media has really bad negative effects on people including mental health problems such as; mood swings, depression, isolation, suicide thoughts. It is expected that various irrational behaviors associated with COVI-19 are caused by lack of understanding about the pandemic and the impact of related negative emotions. Results of the SUR for associations between emotions and other factors in a unified model. Therefore, a precaution should be given while interpreting and using the findings. Some of these include: When you use this type of coping strategy, you feel like you have some sense of control over the situation and your emotions even if what youre doing isnt really solving anything. For the quantitative assessment, nine survey items were chosen based on information gathered from all the data, and all the concepts of interest were measured from these survey items. The results highlight the variation across various negative emotions in response to avoiding travel. CC LICENSED CONTENT, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION. Rationalization often makes you feel better in the moment, but it can have some negative consequences in the long run. In some cases, rationalization can also be used as an addiction coping mechanism. Rationalization, essentially the increasing of efficiency and control within the business environment has been developing since the late 1800's, it was first introduced originally to the manufacturing industry by Henry Ford and Frederick Winslow Taylor. The impact might be due to the experience and control that the older group has over the feelings associated with the pandemic: the older age has a wider horizon, and an increased awareness regarding life challenges and how to overcome them. Despite significant efforts in studying various aspects of COVID-19, there is a dearth of evidence on how negative emotions are associated with behaviors. However, those activities tend to work as means of stress relief. Despite significant efforts in studying various aspects of COVID-19, there is a dearth of evidence on how negative emotions are associated with behaviors. The fear in that study was related to the fear of not surviving the negative feelings, or fear of not getting help. Irrationality can be seen as the opposite of rationality. The positive impact of spending time outdoors such as outdoor walking, outdoor exercise or gardening on the amount of stress has been investigated in the past study [37]. Despite these negative consequences, Weber believed that rationalization was an inevitable and . But I didnt want to hurt his feelings, so I just said it was okay. Faking Interests I love playing golf even though its really boring.. 4 The results highlighted that younger student experience higher feelings of being afraid, irritable, and stressed. Timely clarification of a possible misconception by the media, and surveillance of students emotions and behaviors are recommended at the time of a pandemic, or any unprecedented events so appropriate actions could be made. B-spline basis function is used as a basis for the vector space. By knowing the linear part of the additive model, the partial residual could be solved for estimation of the smooth function. Emotions are deep-rooted in every aspect of human beings lives. PDF) Albert Ellis's ABC Model is a significant part of the form of therapy that he developed, known as Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). The painful insights from COVID-19 could be employed not only for the current pandemic but for future outbreaks. where M is the number of considered equations or responses, M is the error terms of equation M, and yM, XM and M are response, explanatory variables and parameter to be estimated, respectively. For Hayes and Wynward, the effects of McDonaldization were negative. Labels play a big role in conversations at school. Some of these are: Rationalization can help to reduce stress by giving us a way to explain away difficult situations or feelings. This type of encouragement helps people to feel loved and supported while continuing on their journey towards lasting sobriety. As previously mentioned, people who are cyberbullied are twice as likely to experience suicidal thoughts, actions, or behaviors and engage in self-harm as those who are not. Blaming is another type of rationalization defense mechanism involving shifting responsibility for something weve done or failed to do to others. That is based on the size of window which highlight how smooth or wiggly the smooth should be. By taking necessary precautions, students will be protected from getting infected as well as gaining a stronger sense of certainty about the future. On the other hand, avoiding all people outside the immediate family is positively associated with being sad, afraid, stressed and guilty. Associations between various negative emotions and students behaviors, and characteristics, positive, negative and no associations are highlighted by +,-, and . This is often the case for students who strive to meet the high academic demands imposed on them, particularly in high-stress exams like final exams. Feeling of guilt could be defined as a function of monitoring ones own behaviors in relation to others [45]. There are many side-effects of using rationalization as a defense mechanism. McDonaldization is a reconceptualization of rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific management. In summary, the results highlighted avoiding large group of people, being associated with being infected by the disease, reduces the impacts of various negative emotions. Although working out at home seems to pose no danger of being infected, it was found that still students with higher amounts of guilt, are likelier to skip working out at home. Third, predictability is the idea that no matter where a person goes, they will receive the same service and receive the same product every time they interact with the McDonaldized organization. Then, consistently z will be multiplied, and later be back transformed by u, and regressed against x*, or the transformed explanatory variables. Copyright: 2022 Rezapour et al. This type of rationalization defense mechanism involves comparing yourself to other people whom you believe have it much worse than you do. This is helpful for preventing relapse after treatment and helping individuals stay sober in the long term. The results of that study highlighted a positive correlation between higher BMI and higher levels of irritability. Youre just too sensitive!. Fig 1A presents lack of significant across the majority of predictors and feeling sad which is different from feeling afraid. Or while, avoiding travel is positively associated with being stressed, sad and afraid, it is negatively associated with being irritable. 1. That was because the impacts of those variables primarily were found to be non-linear, p-value>0.1, level of significance, while after smoothing them, they were found to be important. The correlation between feeling sad and afraid due to COVID-19 was found to be 0.41. As such, this study gives a panoramic vision about the mental well-being of students and their causes, which can help educators, university and health authorities to assist the vulnerable and affected groups of students during the post-pandemic. Most The vector generalized linear model (VGLM) function in R was used for conducting the statistical analysis [29]. I would never do something like that. Being Holier Than Thou I may not be perfect, but at least Im trying my best.. Most teachers reported that they were not coping with the stress associated with rationalization and redeployment as they created serious psychological and social problems. The results highlighted that female student experienced higher levels of being afraid, irritable, stressed, and guilty. The second, calculability, refers to the quantifiable objectives of fast-food chains, seeing quantity as quality. That behavior, for instance, was found to be positively associated with various negative feelings. In this survey, questions regarding to rational and irrational behaviors were incorporated to study the behavioral reactions of students during the pandemic. The criteria for selection of various responses for different models are due to specific question related to different negative emotions. More policies and educational programs are needed to help students to adopt the right approach by increasing their awareness, by helping them to focus on active problem solving, and practicing mindfulness. One can also use these in ones daily life as a way to deal with stress or anxiety. Arash Dehzangi, In addition, the results highlighted significant differences across emotions in terms of demographic characteristics such as gender and age, and various precautionary actions that students take, such as limiting outdoor activities or limiting social gathering. However, more emphasis has been placed on anxiety and its impact on students achievements in exams. If you try to pretend everything is fine by using rationalization as a coping strategy, it wont last for very long before the negativity builds up again resulting in more intense reactions with even bigger consequences later on down the road. Some analysis reveals that the impact of the pandemic on student learning at different level of education was significant, leaving them behind in educational goals and learning. where f(xi) is a smooth function, is a smoothing parameter, which was used to control the models smoothness, f(x) is the second derivative of smooth function to penalize for wiggiliness of f(xi). Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which people justify difficult or unacceptable feelings with seemingly logical reasons and explanations. The objective function of the model could be written as a minimizer of the objective function as: As can be seen from those figures, there are significant variations across different emotions. 3 Data Availability: The data could be found in paper titled Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States at the link of https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245327. It was explained that these negative emotions are associated with decreased levels of physical activity during the pandemic [25]. Our result is in line with the literature highlighted that there are positive associations between thinking a lot about COVID and all included feelings.

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