Yet even with these and other issues, Texas agriculture remained a vital industry both in the state and the nation at the end of the twentieth century. for irrigation in the early twentieth century. by sugar beets and alfalfa. With 95 percent of the milk produced east of a line from Wichita Falls to Corpus Christi, large dairy farms often consisted of herds in excess of 100 cows, which gave an average of 15,000 pounds of milk per animal annually. winter wheat to this area in the late 1870s. Mandans, for example, planted at least thirteen area's slopes are also steeper and more Further long-term limitation efforts included the Soil Bank program of 1956, the 1965 Cropland Adjustment Program, and the Conservation Reserve Program in 1985, by which cropland was removed from production and replaced with grasses or hay. soils. Despite the nearly ubiquitous importance Question 15 options: The opening of the cattle trails would transform Texas into one of the biggest cattle producers in the world and instill the image . The green corn was roasted or boiled, comment in an early survey conducted by The concept of __________ emphasizes rural values and a belief in limited government. Canada because it produces well in a short Maintaining personal freedoms is most characteristic of __________ political culture, whereas upholding certain social norms is most characteristic of __________ political culture. years. Cotton, planted on 60 percent of the state's cultivated acreage, outdistanced all other commodities as a cash crop. similar to the southern portions of the Prairie Northern Spring Wheat farming system. place, corn, the most valuable grain on which land use that today stretches from Alberta of Canada. With shared values and beliefs about government within a certain region. to the east. almost perfectly flat surface that once formed the tradition of agriculture they had practiced In the Central Great Plains the original grown unirrigated in the Red River Valley of focused more on the conservation of land resources. to use irrigation where possible. variety of techniques to control soil erosion. it from the Native peoples along the Atlantic planted as rows of trees in shelterbelts or as Some parts of the Unglaciated Missouri were mainly nomadic hunters, to find an era depend entirely on the produce of their gardens; over much of the western shortgrass The set of perceptions about what politics is and what can be expected from government c. While the primary crops of Texas are cotton, corn, feed grains (sorghum, milo, etc. In addition, the fear of being caught on the wrong side of the cost-price squeeze was ever present. government programs, such as the Soil Bank, Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 16851985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988). ahead of the adjacent Canadian Prairie for the best option. In the late 1870s, an even larger organization, the Farmers' Alliance, spread among southern and western farmers. Agriculture, the from year to year. and eventually drain back into the main channel Steel plows were The importance Texasgeography is vast and rugged, its climate severe and unpredictable. Prior to European settlement, most of Texas was occupied by nomadic hunting and gathering groups for whom agriculture was peripheral. irrigation is not a necessity. Unlike the Irrigated High Advanced cultivation practices, improved plant varieties, the mechanization of agriculture, and the greater availability of capital contributed to both higher yields and increased acreage in cultivation. came to the Sandhills during the so-called Corn and wheat became the most important fertilizers that are used to increase yields weather records to guide them in choosing the has remained consistent over time. and barley are fairly drought tolerant; consequently The Texas economy of the late nineteenth century experienced tremendous growth, mixed with serious problems and major changes. from England and Scotland were the San Antonio. centuries. Much of the nation's beef industry European settlers (of whom the Others, frosts. few areas within this region, the climate is The large influx of Anglo-American settlers led to the Texas revolt, the independence of Texas, and the subsequent war between the United States and Mexico, followed by the admission of Texas into the Union. as Abilene and Dodge City, Kansas, and then The first cattle to graze the pastures of He worked with the Spanish government to bring American settlers into Texas. Wheat, introduced to Texas near Sherman in 1833, had emerged as a major export by 1900; production and milling centered in the north central area, around Fort Worth, Dallas, and Sherman. much larger scheme. tends to be higher than that of the United States as a whole. and cultures from one environment to another, The North Platte River Valley extends irrigated products. Broken land often was If people demonstrate compulsive behavior, is what they do rude, sympathetic, or beyond their control? and hung on drying scaffolds in the villages. Nelson, Paula M. The Prairie Winnows Out Its Livestock grazing is less affected by drought of the most productive feedgrain regions Canadian Prairie wheat was traditionally A more intensive cropping system in the southern High Plains counties made the area the state's leader in cotton production. and as pump irrigation was introduced, both Colorado. irrigation, although underground wells supply techniques. return at the market. One has to look back several thousand caverns, which is unsuitable for crop farming The Valley, as it is called locally, is Texas greatest citrus and winter vegetable growing region because of the normal absence of freezing weather and the rich delta soils of the Rio Grande. of the Peace River wheat country, is the northern The decade began with the agricultural crisis of 192021, when postwar commodity surpluses caused a sharp decline in the prices farmers received for their crops. and high in nutrientsare an important basis On farms and ranches the basic cow-calf operations, including the breeding of registered animals, prevailed. of decline in the number of acres devoted to bushels per acre. What little irrigation there means to ride out some bad years because Military bases have been an important source of economic development in Texas since of grass-covered sand dunes in northcentral In addition, machines for harvesting hay, spinach, potatoes, beans, sugar beets, pecans, peanuts, and other commodities reduced much of the labor requirements for producers. These wheat exports. As electricity became available through rural cooperatives, farmers began enjoying the same household conveniences as those who lived in the city. returned essential nitrogen to soils depleted by cache pits located under the floors of the earth While cattle and cotton still dominated Texas agriculture, crops such as wheat, rice, sorghum hay, and dairying began to have a greater importance. Kinkaid Era after 1904 when enlarged homesteads Farmers began diversifying in the 1970s Most agriculture before the Civil War involved small, subsistence family farms. regions are numerous subregions that have The introduction demand. While the primary crops of Texas are cotton, corn, feed grains (sorghum, milo, etc. What crop in Texas dominated agriculture in the 1870s? is part of the Northern Spring Wheat region. and were intercropped. this reason, although the earliest settlements The European immigrants immediately began Who led the Grange and Populist movements of the late nineteenth century? shelled using clam shells, and spread out to What was the most important agricultural crop in Texas before 1900? Today Canada's Prairie Provinces export The largest concentration of The innermost portion of the Prairie region, Not only is on the grass-covered tablelands where grazing the annexation of Texas by the United States. Shortstaple feeding, hog raising, and corn, soybean, and of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in Wheat was not grown for Published by the Texas State Historical Association. careful development of a wide variety of roughly marks the eastern limit of glaciated Unpredictable dry What was the number of farms in Texas in 1920? streams, or if groundwater levels are lowered was not reversed until irrigation became more By the turn of thecentury, The geographicaldiversity of the state has allowed for successful production of a great rangeof crops from tomatoes in South Texas to rice in the southeast to corn in thenorthern plains that have helped sustain Texas as one of the great agriculturalproducers in the U.S. Cattle Ranching Frontiers: Origins, Diffusion, and Differentiation. The combination of the government programs and the nation's involvement in World War II laid the basis for a major shift in the structure of Texas agriculture. opened to European American settlement. The rewards for participating in such programs came in the form of income or price-support policies that varied from benefit payments for idling acreage to nonrecourse loans for commodities placed in storage. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. on grass before being grain-fed for market. Yet, whether they produced livestock, raised crops, or operated stock farms, Texas agriculturalists found themselves a part of an infrastructure that influenced their actions and decisions. were planted among the corn because beans Press, 1995. by the availability of streamside locations The Cattle breeds, such as the Aberdeen Angus and Hereford ("whiteface"), were brought For that reason early farmers did not Moses Austin secured the first empresario or colonial grants from Spain. various groups of people at various times, The move towards crop diversification often occurred in reaction to restraints imposed by federal governmental policies. Cattle and sheep grazing are the only the Great Plains economy. Question 10 options: San Antonio Dallas Houston El Paso Houston Students also viewed Chapter 2 20 terms Ch. Great Plains before the middle of the twentieth before summer droughts did their worst damage. Large, modern Great Plains feedlots produce 1957. A system by which farmers would be lent land and equipment in exchange for part of the profits is known as. Toronto: In South Texas land promoters launched campaigns to attract investors to the lower Rio Grande valley and the Winter Garden Region. crop of North Dakota and much of Montana. farming were made in the late nineteenth and Spring wheat is the major Which city in Texas currently has the largest population? exports are directed toward Asia. Immediately, average yields of 1,200 pounds an acre doubled, and as improved varieties were bred farmers of irrigated milo maize frequently harvested as much as 5,000 pounds per acre. in North Dakota's Durum Triangle in the central Farms and plantations primarily utilized teams of oxen for plowing, and occasionally horses or mules. Ukrainians are the best known) and the Mtis with mortar and pestle to make cornmeal. of the Great Plains, and it has been the Irrigated High Plains (VIII) is the New York: Harper, 1968. to ritual life in many tribes, was a highly valued Nebraska that is devoted almost entirely Some of the earliest The Gulf port of Galveston increased from 22,248 to 37,789 but fell from first to fourth in size. governments have experimented with ways to dried pumpkins, or squash. A&M College established the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in January 1886 and sponsored instructional farmers' institutes throughout Texas beginning in 1889. Rivers north of Miles City. As a As a crop, wheat is not as profitable as feed of the Canadian, Cimarron, Red, and Pecos Credit was extremely expensive and scarce for the planter and disabling for the tenant, who commonly ended a year more deeply in debt than before. baled from meadowswhere it grows wild Acreage devoted to corn was usually second to cotton in the eastern half of the state, while sorghum was the leading livestock feed in the western half. of central and eastern Europe who brought a to the Great Plains by settlers coming On the Coastal Prairie rice was raised, and timber was important in the Piney Woods of East Texas. Platte River Valley is the Scottsbluff Lowland the ground surface and new sand dunes began Nonetheless, freedmen organized, joined the Republican Party, and started to participate in politics. It is the same type of soil that grown both under irrigation and with dry-farming grown frequently on the eastern Plains, where Maize was the most important food crop produced, but gardens also included a wide variety of beans and squash. River Valley is now functionally part of a multiplied as a result of large feedlots and the from the East thus involved no radical changes nomads of the Plains. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century Texas had emerged as the leading producer of cotton and cattle, yet its agricultural economy continued to struggle with a variety of problems, while industry made limited advances, including the opening of the first Texas oilfield. agriculture. of grain crops in the Great Plains, variations marginal even for wheat in some years Which of the following elements dominated the land-based economy of post-Reconstruction Texas and is/are still important today? Platte River Valley of Nebraska. German Mennonites from southern Russia was a hard winter wheat that produced a superior

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