You can record yourself speaking in class to measure your cadence, and adjust. If so, how many, where, with what mission(s)? Have assessments of all hazards been accomplished in the affected area (assessing exposures on the general population and the at-risk)? EEFI answer the question, How can I (the commander) prevent the enemy force from seeing me? B-27. Not every one of a units PIR will be able to be nested with a PIR from the higher headquarters but the more that are, particularly ones that are tied to the next higher headquarters main effort or top priority, the more help from higher a unit will typically get. COMMANDER'S CRITICAL INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS. This appendix expands the discussion of information in chapter 3. At the tactical level, they directly relate to key civilian areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events within the AO. (The joint definition of information requirements [IRs] includes only intelligence requirements; the Army definition encompasses all RI.) A good avenue of approach allows ease of movement and good cover, concealment, observation, and fields of fire. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. B-49. Weather and climate have direct and indirect effects on tactical operations. B-39. B-77. Data is rarely useful until it is processed to give it meaning. Large amounts of RI are collected as a routine part of operations. The analyst realizes that all the elements of the Priority Intelligence Requirement have been satisfied thus answering the overall PIR of where will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force? Part 4 - Specific Information Requirements: The last part of a PIR is the Specific Information Requirement (SIR). Commanders consider available troops and support when analyzing whether they have enough resources to accomplish a mission. Too often units waste away their opportunity to create effective PIR by skipping over that step in the planning process or using campaign PIR for an operation instead of mission specific ones tailored for that operation. Once significant events are determined, it is important to template the events and to analyze them for their political, economic, psychological, environmental, and legal implications. However, it is important to realize that they exist. Because the ASCC has a larger footprint to support than a maneuver Division ACE, a PIR-driven analytical process is critical in order to manage the organizational resources throughout the depth of the Area of Operations (AO). Consideration of time available further includes the time subordinate commanders and units require to plan and prepare their own operations. When assigning missions, commanders ensure all their subordinates' missions support the decisive operation and the higher commander's intent. Effective commanders use weather and climate to their advantage. The cycle of planning and directing, collecting, processing, analyzing and producing, and disseminating intelligence requires a substantial effort to overcome some unique and complex challenges. Once a commander initiates an operation, the enemy attempts to determine the friendly concept of operations and defeat it. When will DHS/FEMA identify staging bases? A more appropriate way to ask the question is, How will the Donovian commander use his fixing forces? As will be illustrated in the later sections of this piece, answering this question as apposed to the previous one can provide more detailed insights into the enemy commanders thought process and can trigger the blue force commander to make a decision. Judgment is a purely human skill. What is the current Common Operating Picture on federal behavioral health assets deployed in support of HHS ESF#8. That is because the requirement for it was not identified beforehand or the situation that produced it is completely unanticipated. What is the status of behavioral health care facilities in the affected communities? Intelligence professionals must take the time to use these tools effectively. Thus, commanders visit units to confirm reports or obtain better understanding of the operation's decisive points or factors. It is provided by standard reports and ISR activities. The latest edition of this classic is updated with new problem sets and material The Second Edition of this fundamental textbook maintains the books tradition of clear, thought-provoking instruction. Commanders decide what IRs are critical IRs based on their individual cognitive abilities and commander's visualization. B-9. Information forms the basis of the COP. Percentage of students that have medical necessities provided by school nurses. Staffs review IRs frequently to ensure they are still relevant and to identify new IRs to support the commander's decisionmaking. Essential elements of information refers to the most critical information requirements regarding the adversary and the environment needed by the commander by a particular time to relate with other available information and intelligence in order to assist in reaching a logical decision. What response elements (if any) have deployed, including ERT-A, Human Services Assessment Teams, etc.? Therefore, tactically and technically competent subordinates and staffs must recognize it as vital. Percentage of individuals with disabilities, under 18, rely on electricity dependent medical equipment, etc. Figure B-3 illustrates the relationships among the cognitive hierarchy, IRs, and CCIR. This characteristic approaches terrain analysis (OAKOC) from a civilian perspective. Rate: Favorite: They view capabilities in terms of those required to save, sustain, or enhance life, in that priority. Lieutenant Colonel James King is a US Army Intelligence Officer. During planning, CCIR focus on information needed to determine which COA to choose. This is information that helps to coordinate what type of collection asset would best be able to collect the information needed to answer the PIR. B-20. Potable Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste Disposal. Is DOD assistance available to provide bulk transport support for medical supplies/equipment/personnel? Differences in mobility, protection, firepower, equipment, morale, experience, leadership, and training make some units more suitable for certain missions than others. Does the potentially affected state(s) need behavioral health care support in advance of RDD event; If yes, what are the detailed requirements (what is needed, where, and when, etc.?). In all cases, the fewer the CCIR, the better the staff can focus its efforts and allocate scarce resources. B-76. Corridors (ridge and valley systems) can either form natural avenues of approach (if they run toward an objective), or obstacles to movement (if they run perpendicular to the direction of movement, forming cross compartments). In the context of the cognitive hierarchy, information is data that have been processed to provide further meaning. Infographics simplify lengthy or complex data by presenting it into a visually pleasing package. It also depends on how much time is usable; for example, for some activities, hours of darkness are useable time, while for others they are not. Is DOD assistance available to provide patient transport/strategic lift capability support? This understanding allows subordinates to identify and recognize information needed to answer CCIR. An avenue of approach is an air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path (JP 1-02). The types of existing obstacles are natural, manmade, and military. The World in Spatial Terms a. It is not a procedural act, but an act of learning. Commanders analyze key civilian areas in terms of how they affect the missions of their individual forces as well as how military operations affect these areas. Most Military Intelligence Brigades, Theater [MIB (T)] have an Analytical Control Element (ACE) and Collection Battalion supporting the Army Service Component Command (ASCC). Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress; however, they also include larger, long-term diplomatic, informational, and economic issues at higher levels. Some aspects of the civilian infrastructure, such as the location of toxic industrial materials, may influence operations. Intelligence does not come as raw data; to be RI in C2, it must come through the intelligence cycle. What are the locations/contact information for the facilities/providers? Design of an information system is done based on elements of the model. A thorough understanding of why the unit is conducting an operation provides the focus for planning. The goal in IM should not be processing vast amounts of data but processing the information necessary to bring commanders to an accurate situational understanding as quickly as possible. Social, political, religious, or criminal enclaves. The C2 system collects RI-friendly, enemy, and environmental-and uses it to create the COP. B-42. During the Recovery Scoping Meeting, the Program Delivery Manager discusses Essential Elements of Information with the Applicant. Therefore, commanders and ASCC G2s must ensure an optimized intelligence enterprise by preserving and stewarding intelligence capabilities as well as the intelligence core tasks (e.g. Essential elements of friendly information. (2014). Using this example lets say the collection manager assigned a Shadow Unmanned Aerial System to observe a Named Area of Interest to the front of 1-24INs and 1-5INs battle positions, and a Scout Platoon Observation Post is in front of 3-21INs position. EEIs should be added or deleted to the ICP for each operational period depending on the specific circumstances and phase of response. COP-related information is grouped into the major subject categories of METT-TC. EEFI state the friendly force information that, if compromised to the enemy, would place mission accomplishment in jeopardy. If yes, what are the gaps to be filled by federal resources? What damage has occurred in the affected area (including injuries/fatalities)? B-62. Whenever possible, commanders perform a personal reconnaissance of the terrain where they plan to operate. People is a general term used to describe nonmilitary personnel encountered by military forces. Ideally, commanders assign each subordinate a mission and an area of operations (AO) without further restrictions. 3- Maps and other geographic tools get Information from a Spatial perspective. The second step of intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) helps commanders with this complex task. Processing transforms data into information. It also tells the higher headquarters that helping you answer your PIR helps them answer theirs potentially making them more willing to assist you. : Where will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force? B-28. Terrain adjacent to the AO may be key if its control is necessary to accomplish the mission. Customers are beneficiaries of products . IPB is critical to analyzing and understanding the effect of terrain on friendly and enemy COAs. (See FM 34-130.) Have environmental radiation measurements been accomplished in the affected area(s)? The effects of terrain on operations vary, depending on whether a force is defending or attacking. Other knowledge products may be presented separately from, but in conjunction with, the COP. They can begin working together more quickly than units not habitually associated. Obstacles fall into two categories: existing and reinforcing. CCIR limit information reported to commanders to information critical to decisionmaking. Some effects of civil considerations may impede overall force activities; others affect soldiers directly, preventing them from functioning to their full capability. Part 2 - Essential Elements of Information: The first subcomponent that a PIR is comprised of is the Essential Elements of Information or EEI. Will Federal assistance be needed to evacuate patients in nursing homes, assisted living, or other residential care facilities? (PED), analysis, and intelligence synchronization. What measures are State and local officials taking to accommodate inbound relief traffic in light of possible evacuation route (counter flow)? Once all the EEIs of a given Priority Intelligence Requirement have been confirmed the analyst can confidently state that a PIR has been answered. : This is the overarching question that needs to be answered. What systems are in place to distribute necessary supplies, equipment and support for infrastructure deficits? ART 6.11.1.1 Identify Essential Elements of Friendly Information ART 6.11.1.1 Identify Essential Elements of Friendly Information Identify friendly vulnerabilities that are. Appendix B: Essential Elements of Information. Information requirements are all information elements the commander and staff require to successfully conduct operations; that is, all elements necessary to address the factors of METT-TC. This integration is essential to reaching understanding because it involves reducing the total number of bits to consider at any one time. Therefore, commanders and ASCC G2s must ensure an optimized intelligence enterprise by preserving and stewarding intelligence capabilities as well as the intelligence core tasks (e.g. What is the projected requirement for DoD worker crisis counseling and mental health and substance abuse behavioral health capabilities/support? They should also help highlight recovery issues and barriers to recovery. Have environmental conditions (i.e. Have essential services been restored? Others add a sixth element, communications, to the list. As depicted in Figure 1 each subsequent part of the PIR forms a subset of the part before it. (See FM 5-102.). The GMTI indicates that a company size formation is moving towards 3-21IN and 1-5INs positions and a larger battalion size element is moving towards 1-24INs position. The handful of simple questions contained within the Commanders Critical Information Requirements guide the intelligence collectors and analysts towards providing the commander the information needed to make timely and accurate decisions. Staffs may recommend CCIR, based on mission analysis during planning and on assessment during preparation and execution; however, they keep the number of recommended CCIR to a minimum. (See FM34-130.). Human modification of terrain can change the shape of the land or its trafficability. CCIR and IR are the categories used to prioritize collection asset allocation and information processing within the C2 system. They and others apply judgment to transform that knowledge into understanding. Are health care and social service providers experiencing/expecting workforce attrition? A commander's moral responsibility to protect noncombatants influences planning and preparing for operations. They also identify the key communicators and the formal and informal processes used to influence people. Planners consider climate with longer-range plans, while most tactical planning considers weather. They tell the analyst what information the commander needs most in order to make decisions that can potentially change the outcome of the mission and save soldiers lives. Each BOS develops its own IRs to answer CCIR and perform its functional responsibilities. What is the State/Local policy for allowing citizens/people to return home? There can be many different kinds of people living and operating in and around an AO. Part 1 - The Priority Intelligence Requirement: This is the overarching question that needs to be answered. Decisive terrain is relatively rare; it is not necessarily present in every situation. Number of hospitals, dialysis centers, residential long-term care facilities, etc. Commanders need knowledge and understanding to make effective decisions. The distinctions between the levels of the cognitive hierarchy are not always clear. This is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to a CBIS. B-37. EEFI are often key factors in designing military deception operations. In this example the EEIs for this PIR would look something like, Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Alpha Company in Granite pass? or Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Charlie Company in the Central Corridor?. These PIR have a short shelf life, usually only lasting a timeframe just before and just after an operation is executed. Staffs identify RI for their particular IRs from the mass of available data within the COP and transform it into knowledge and understanding. What Are the Four Basic Functions of a Computer. Areas defined by political boundaries, such as, districts within a city or municipalities within a region. PIRs identify the information about the enemy and other aspects of the operational environment that the commander considers most important., Part 1 - The Priority Intelligence Requirement. Events are routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities that significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations. With understanding, commanders can make better decisions and more effectively regulate actions by their forces. In those cases, commanders may designate that question as one of their CCIR, which generates PIR or FFIR. In Evaluating Immunities before a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine, the Type of Tribunal Matters, Chinas Ferry Tale Taiwan Invasion Plan Is A Legal Nightmare, China Maritime Report No. Engineer Obstacle Clearing Tracked Armored Vehicle Russian (MR-2 IMR-2M1). Because collection assets are limited, a method of prioritizing collection and processing is required. Transmitted directly to the commander as quickly as possible by whatever means are immediately available. This is information that helps to coordinate what type of collection asset would best be able to collect the information needed to answer the PIR. In the U.S. Army Intelligence & Security Command (USINSCOM), proper implementation of the intelligence apparatus, using a PIR-driven methodology and enterprise synchronization, is part of a Line of Effort (LOE) for most Brigade Commanders and the HQs, as it is key task to set the theater. In "Fundamentals of Information Systems," Ralph Stair and George Reynolds define a computer-based information system (CBIS) as a "single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information." Time available varies with unit size and mission. B-11. They are the second way FEMA informs Applicants of required project-specific documentation. The Forgotten Histories of the Codification of International Humanitarian Law in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, Crafting Strategy for Irregular Warfare: A Framework for Analysis and Action (2nd Edition), South Africas organised crime climbs to Italys levels, racing past Mexico, Somalia and Libya, Opinion | The Foreign Policies of the Sinaloa Cartel and CJNG Part V: Europes Supercoke & on- the-Horizon Issues and the Middle East, Opinion | The Foreign Policies of the Sinaloa Cartel and CJNG Part IV: Europes Cocaine & Meth Markets, Airstrikes, Civilian Casualties, and the Role of JAGs in the Targeting Process, Opinion | The Foreign Policies of the Sinaloa Cartel and CJNG Part III: Africa, The cartels flexed their power in Tijuana and now the battle for influence is on, Organized Crime in Mexico and the Evolving Government Response, Armies are re-learning how to fight in cities. Please enable scripts and reload this page. (2014). Avenues of Approach. Decisive terrain is key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission accomplishment (FM 3-90). This is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to a CBIS. Capabilities also refer to resources and services that can be contracted to support the military mission, such as, interpreters, laundry services, construction materials, and equipment. A thorough understanding of the mission focuses decisionmaking throughout the operations process. An avenue of approach is categorized by the size and type of force that can use it, for example, a dismounted infantry company, an armored division, or an attack-helicopter company. The collection assets as designated in the SIRs collect on their assigned targets using their specific method of collection. and movement into definitive care (hospitals)? Would an overhead satellite image effectively answer the question or do you need Ground Moving Target Indicators (GMTI) because the PIR can only be answered by the detection of movement? What is the forecasted need for behavioral health care resources over the next 72 hrs 1 week? What is the status of local/state public health public communication channels and technologies, including TTY and alternate formats, and services for persons with limited English proficiency? B-55. Tactical intelligence is intended primarily to respond to the needs of military field commanders so they can plan for and, if necessary, conduct combat operations. It also requires subordinates to thoroughly understand the commander's intent. A reinforcing obstacle's effectiveness varies with the type of force negotiating it, the fires covering it, the nature of the obstacle, and the weather. However, civilian organizations may possess specialized capabilities that they may be willing to share with military forces. Managing Information and intelligence management includes identifying essential elements of information (EEI). Assessment of Public Health/Medical Needs, What is the status of critical infrastructure in the affected area(s) (i.e. Commanders also consider the effects of manmade and natural terrain in conjunction with the weather on friendly and enemy operations. When established, EEFI have a priority on a level with CCIR. While this is a simplified example the process can work just as simply and straight forward in an actual combat situation. B-26. What are the Federal recommended levels of supply? Depending on who you ask, there may be five or six elements to a computer-based information system. Key Terrain and Decisive Terrain. Analyzing a structure involves determining how its location, functions, and capabilities can support the operation. Key civilian areas are localities or aspects of the terrain within an AO that are not normally militarily significant. With responsibility in most cases for an entire continent, Army Service Components must accurately prioritize their information requirements or risk being overwhelmed by information. Below is a description of each of the components of a PIR and how they fit together. Product includes:- Choice board activity (9 boxes, 3 custom Newsela text sets, descriptions of the Six Essential Elements)- Rubric (Printable on one page or half-sheet)Word document allows you to customize directions and boxes to your students' levels. What are the recommended procedures for Federal use and local acquisition of supplies and services? Speak Slowlyand Increase Your Wait Time. B-51. Has response included the preparation and distribution strategy for safety messages in print, alternative formats and PSAs for radio and/or TV, including use of sign language interpreters and other non-English languages (e.g., food and water safety consumption and contamination, guidelines for decontamination etc.). If the military's mission is to support civil authorities, civil considerations define the mission. It occurs continually. B-22. In some circumstances, brigades and battalions also have to interact with these organizations. Essential Elements of Information Essential Elements of Information (EEI) consists of the required information and documentation necessary to develop, review and process a Sub-recipient's grants. This important but often overlooked aspect of the PIR can help the collection manager to properly assign collectors. Staffs base their running estimates on the COP. However, generating these keywords and phrases is also crucial for the research stage when using the internet. The activities of a force-or individual members of a force-can have far-reaching effects on the legitimacy of all military operations-offense, defense, stability, or support. The exception is combat information. What behavioral health assets can HHS OPDIVs and ESF#8 partners roster and deploy as necessary after landfall? B-24. Technological innovation, external social influences, and natural and manmade disasters (such as, hurricanes, environmental damage, and war) affect the attitudes and activities of governments and civilian populations. Has CDC been alerted to deploy for human bioassay, contamination/dose assessment, and consultation in victim decontamination? If for example your higher headquarters is concerned about drug trafficking and you know that drugs flow freely through your area of responsibility having a PIR regarding drugs that aligns with your higher headquarters will help to give you a higher priority for collection and analytical support. Start out the presentation by addressing the audience and by appealing to them. Use Audience Segmentation Wrap Up Why Send an Introduction Email? B-65. Are there any environmental health risks? Essential Elements of Information are project-specific documentation required from the Applicant. : IMR-2s following a large formation T-72 main battle tanks and/or BMPs moving in attack formation. In order to focus the intelligence enterprise, the MIB (T) and the G2 use Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) as its main driver to focus the intelligence apparatus. By its nature, identifying exceptional information relies on the initiative of subordinate commanders and the staff. B-70. Nor do mission commanders have to settle for PIR that dont give him the answers he needs to make a decision. Terrain that offers cover and concealment limits fields of fire. Exceptional information directly affects either mission accomplishment or survival of the force. B-25. (See FM 101-5-2.) All-hazard Public Health and Medical Consultation, Technical Assistance and Support. What is the Federal plan for distribution and allocation of medical supplies to include main and alternate supply points and supporting terminals to be used or considered? In almost every case, military forces have more resources than civilian organizations. For this reason, elevated terrain often draws enemy attention. Cognition is primarily a human mental activity. Enemies always have opportunities to unhinge them. Where is the enemy and what is he going to do? As both processed data (information) and analyzed and evaluated information (knowledge) about the enemy and environment, intelligence is crucial to commanders' achieving situational understanding. B-61. B-4. What is a Priority Intelligence Requirement? Close or broken terrain, heavy woods, built-up areas, and abrupt changes in elevation hinder heavy forces but provide cover and concealment for light forces. Commanders ensure their soldiers understand that a tactically successful operation can also be operationally or strategically counterproductive because of the way in which they execute it or how the people perceive its execution. Answering this question, however, is the goal of the rest of the process. B-21. 2. Commanders have only a limited ability to influence them, although terrain includes manmade structures, such as roads and cities. Because the ASCC has a larger footprint to support than a maneuver Division ACE, a PIR-driven analytical process is critical in order to manage the organizational resources throughout the depth of the Area of Operations (AO). Has the potentially affected state(s) determined the status of in-patient behavioral health facilities? Does the potentially affected state(s) have adequate psychotropic medications? Without this focus collectors and analysts are left to determine for themselves what they think the priority is. It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. How long will surveillance efforts continue to monitor the rate of psychiatric illnesses in the affected areas? See Regional Analysis and Louisiana Recovery Plan for facilities sheltering in place. While staffs may support commanders in achieving understanding, the most important understanding is that which commanders achieve. 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If the enemy force has been reduced more significantly then the analyst understands, something that happens frequently as accurate battle damage assessments are hard to do in the middle of combat, then the collector may never see the element described by the indicator because its size doesnt match. The answer to this PIR ends up being, the Donovian commander will commit his breach against 1-24INs battle positions. Small Wars Journal is published by Small Wars Foundation - a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation.

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