Some have, in fact, exhibited valuable decisiveness and clarity when confronted with the coronavirus. Furthermore, Mussolini brought discipline to the party and aligned it more uniformly with the aims of the state. Even Russian President Vladimir Putin, the prototypical authoritarian strongman, displayed striking avoidance behavioror perhaps apathyby moving to his countryside residence outside Moscow after the virus arrived in Russia, leaving his subordinates to convey negative news to the public. Unsurprisingly, the economic conditions in a nation have long played an integral role in the emergence of authoritarian states, with such an idea perfectly illustrated through the establishment of Benito Mussolini's fascist authoritarian state . I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. Asked if China stood behind the envoys remarks, the foreign ministrys spokesperson Mao Ning said China had been one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with former Soviet states. Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . Graded student examples with one case study. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. (2) How did Fidel Castro consolidate and maintain his power? In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: In this unit we see the rise of governments that have certain political characteristics. (Specimen), The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Do you see any of them flying around? Explore Museum suggestions for where to begin teaching about the Holocaust. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) -unmarried men 35+ were taxed more The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. It may be all, some, or none: Photo of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini walking besides decorated members of the Italian military. What impact did this have? Those that have done well may gain enhanced domestic popularity and credibility for their competence, thus reinforcing their hold on power. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. -Political instability. His military leaders used chemical weapons, forced starvation, concentration camps, and mass resettlement of African Libyans to make space for Italian settlers. - DEPENDANT GERMANY Italy became increasingly more dependant on Nazi Germany --> Germany supported when League of Nations tried to oppose their aggression Despite Nazi terror and brutal suppression of their opponents, many German citizens willingly accepted or actively supported these extreme measures in favor of order and security. Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. They did not use race. Advanced, deadly weapons, including the use of gas by the Italian Army, made the fight pretty one-sided. In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved. On top of these governance factors, the economic devastation that most authoritarian countries are facing will further add to citizens anger and restlessness and reduce the financial tools besieged leaders often use to buy off key discontented sectors. Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. Check your email for details on your request. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. They reached out to the Nazis to help build a majority in Parliament. Paris, 1900. Following a series of planned demonstrations known as the March on Rome, Mussolini was named Prime Minister by the King of Italy. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state. Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. This article details some of those experiments. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. But they are a minority in the authoritarian camp, and regimes with relatively successful pandemic responses are not guaranteed to reap political benefits from their actions. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives. The Fascist party wanted to crush the existing 'liberal' rulers, but Mussolini allowed many officials to continue working for the state. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. Germanys fledgling democracy was profoundly tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. The Chinese side respects the status of the member states as sovereign states after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mao said, adding that on the issue of territorial sovereignty, Beijings position was consistent and clear. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. It became clear that Socialism was one of Fascisms main political enemies. Italian rule included segregation, and policies prohibited interracial relations. David Eacker is a Ph.D. student in History at Indiana UniversityBloomington. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. Namely, that certain groups, especially Jews, could not assimilate and would have to be removed entirely so the nation could thrive. Paper 2 Section Description Authoritarian States Course Companion Book This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. The ISW said while this tactic may be useful for maintaining authoritarian rule in the Kremlin, it is "disruptive" to efforts to command the military and results in "the return of formerly demoted . (May 2009, TZ1), To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims? 4.5/5. Economic conditions stabilized for a few years, then the worldwide depression hit in 1929. Through violence, they had become what one historian called, "a. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. Additionally, the study shows how the continued use of practices from authoritarian times revealed the weakness of the democratic transition in Myanmar. Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? colonial rule (1910-1945). 94 - How Communist was Castro? Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system; Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force . The EUs top diplomat, Josep Borrell, said the bloc would reassess and recalibrate our strategy towards China, adding that foreign ministers would discuss Lus statements as part of planned EU talks on China on Monday. Analyse themethods used to maintain power in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) In late March, as case rates and fatalities soared across Europe, President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus dismissed a reporters concerns about the spread of the virus in his own country: There are no viruses here. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. In the 1930s, the Japanese government increasingly came under the control of authoritarian governments. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Account for theineffectiveness of internal opposition to two rulers of single-party states. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. Early success in the Po Valley. The emperor Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. The three themes for this topic are: 1. 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? After initial success in containing the virus, Singapore was struck by subsequent outbreaks among its population of migrant workers. This created famine conditions. Middle class savings were wiped out as severe inflation left the currency worthless. Sources in the CBI told The Sunday Guardian that the Bureau is likely to widen the scope . As the biggest governance test in recent memoryone that many authoritarians are failingthe pandemic and its ensuing economic devastation will turbocharge this underlying driver of global political change. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . Asked about his position on whether Crimea was part of Ukraine or not, Lu said in a French TV interview on Friday that historically it was part of Russia and had been offered to Ukraine by the former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda . 1 E TNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS f2 ETNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS Alt aylk yaygn sreli uluslararas dergi mtiyaz Sahibi: Gler Kalay Genel Yayn Ynetmeni/Editr: Gler Kalay Yayn Kurulu: Prof. Havva KK ARSLAN, skdar niversitesi, Trkiye Prof. Babak REZVANI, Amsterdam niversitesi . The Fascists craved revolution and total power, but instead found they had to cooperate with different, mostly conservative political parties. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. His trial brought him fame and followers. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. They would destroy their political opponents and, under Mussolinis leadership, create a totalitarian state. 94-5 - What economic problems did Cuba face? (May 10 TZ2), In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler? Alternatively, some regimes also must grapple with the demands of influential societal sectors, even at the expense of delaying the governments response to the pandemic. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle classintellectuals, civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. Now we must win the German people. Historical examples of such centralized totalitarian rule include the Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321-c. 185 bce ), the Qin dynasty of China (221 . To many, including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been stabbed in the backbetrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. HItler a Career" by Joachim Fest - the preview: Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The fighting in northern Italy had shaped the Fascist movement in four ways: By 1922, with these experiences behind them, Mussolini and his followers liked their chances of taking over Italy. A devastating biological virus has translated into a damaging political virus that has markedly eroded the overall state of freedom in the world in just six months. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. A third phrase promoting the "chosen leader" view in the contemporary political context is perhaps the most dangerous, and that is the idea of an "end-time judge" who declares what is good . (Nov 2006), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. But it is likely to contribute to the significant authoritarian shakiness that has made itself felt over the past decade. The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. The Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s had their differences. Finally, the outcome of the campaign affirmed the Fascist view that, at the end of the day, violent struggle led to power. (1) How did Fidel Castro rise to power in Cuba? Communist Party: -Fear of Bolshevik revolution. His position and apparent support for Chinas efforts to play peacemaker in the Russian invasion of Ukraine contrasts with a more hawkish approach from the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. Of course, some authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning governments have mounted relatively effective responses to the virus: in this respect, countries like Bahrain, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam come to mind. Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. -continued to have a relationship That meant they could hinder the Fascist agenda, if they wanted. 1. (May 2009. Due to the forced signing of the treaty, there . The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. Five years later they conquered Inner Mongolia as well, and a year later pushed into northern China. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. competitive authoritarian regimes "contest seriously for power" (2010a, 5). Washington, DC 20036-2103. We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . 100. 2016. Today's China is not yesterday's Soviet Union. It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. Yet many other authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning leaders have shown startling weakness in facing the pandemic, falling back on deeply ingrained habits of lying to deny inconvenient facts, spin conspiracy theories, and create alternative realities. Japan still had a problem of too few natural resources, and they needed minerals, timber, and oil from abroad. leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. What distinguished Italian Fascism from Nazisms biological view of race? (May 2008, TZ2), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state. (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system 97. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. . Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus.

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