The term ghetto, as we're using it here, refers to the European tradition of creating segregated neighborhoods for Jews. Ethnicity and Geography Ethnicity is important to geographers because its characteristics derive from the distinctive features of particular places on Earth. Quite simply, these diseases decimated the tribes. Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Other researchers have also examined the social and economic structures of ethnic enclaves, or the concentration of economic activity within certain areas that is distinct from those outside of them. While prejudice refers to biased thinking, discrimination consists of actions against a group of people. * South East Asia Thomas Brittner has been teaching and managing projects for 18+ years. It is worth noting that race, in this sense, is also a system of labeling that provides a source of identity; specific labels fall in and out of favor during different social eras. Ethnic enclaves can form in a variety of ways, due to multiple factors, and are generally classified as either voluntary or involuntary ethnic enclaves. a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority in a larger city. A force that divides people and countries. UExcel Cultural Diversity: Study Guide & Test Prep, Collective Responses to Dominance & Inequality, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What is an Ethnic Enclave? All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. 2013). A state that contains more than one ethnicity. So, maybe the United States is more like a tossed salad. Immigrants often settled in smaller areas in high concentrations and then spread outwards from there. It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. The most tolerant form of intergroup relations is pluralism, in which no distinction is made between minority and majority groups, but instead, there is equal standing. An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group. To illustrate, here are four examples of how prejudice and discrimination can occur. 3 x_1+2 x_2+x_3 & \leq 400 \\ Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. Owing to their localized geography or their locations on islands or peninsulas, many smallpolitical entities such as those labeled on the political map of the world can be identified as Topic 4.1A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yJA7LdJNwU. De facto segregation, however, cannot be abolished by any court mandate. These laws were codified in 1896s landmark Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, which stated that separate but equal facilities were constitutional. Prejudice and discrimination can overlap and intersect in many ways. An example from the last century is the way Adolf Hitler was able to blame the Jewish population for Germanys social and economic problems. Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. Geographic isolation, since the era of colonization and even before then, has significantly decreased in most areas of the world. Language assimilation, in particular, can be a formidable barrier, limiting employment and educational options and therefore constraining growth in socioeconomic status. Genocide is usually defined as the intentional killing of large sums of people targeted because of their ethnicity, political ideology, religion, or culture. Was there a deliberate attempt to manipulate public opinion? The physical separation of different races into different geographic areas. In the United States, recent immigrants have frequently been the scapegoat for the nationsor an individualswoes. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. What are the most abundant natural resources in the United States and Canada? Rwanda. A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country or ethnic group. Pluralism is represented by the ideal of the United States as a salad bowl: a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole. Well, this may not be entirely accurate. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? See our Make sure to remember your password. For example, the category Negroid, popular in the nineteenth century, evolved into the term negro by the 1960s, and then this term fell from use and was replaced with African American. This latter term was intended to celebrate the multiple identities that a black person might hold, but the word choice is a poor one: it lumps together a large variety of ethnic groups under an umbrella term while excluding others who could accurately be described by the label but who do not meet the spirit of the term. It forms its own sovereign nation-state predominately made up of the Irish ethnic group. While not an official demographic used or recognized by the United States Census Bureau, Appalachian Americans, due to various factors, have developed their own distinct culture within larger social groupings.Included are their own dialect, music, folklore, and even sports teams as in the case of the Appalachian League.Furthermore, many colleges and universities now grant degrees in . If you knew the answer, tap the green Know box. In July 2011, South Sudan became the worlds newest country when it voted to break away from Sudan. Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. The prevalence of ethnic enclaves is relatively recent and their general concept was first developed by Kenneth Wilson and Alejandro Portes in reference to Cubans in Miami during the early 1980s. After all, you can't create a melting pot if half your ingredients are kept on the shelf. For example, ethnic groups such as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian might all be groups whose members are predominantly included in the "white" racial category. Southeast Asia, vast region of Asia situated east of the Indian subcontinent and south of China. May occur as a result of immigration, when immigrant population take on the values, customs and other cultural traits of a receiving society. The oldest is in Manila, Philippines, but there is also a significant population in Bangkok, Thailand. Assimilation is antithetical to the salad bowl created by pluralism; rather than maintaining their cultural flavor, subordinate cultures give up their traditions in order to conform to their new environment. As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. In European history, Jews were forcibly segregated into ghettos, truly involuntary enclaves. Genuine pluralism is characterized by mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate, creating a multicultural environment of acceptance. Yet by December 2013, fighting between the new government and rebel fighters created a new civil war within the new country. The modern state system is engaged in a struggle between the forces of supra-nationalism and devolution. b. the average propensity to consume is zero. follower of Menno Simons, early 16th cent reformer who rejected infant baptism, eucharistic presence, and church organiations, emphasized pacifism and nonresistance, The cuisine of a group of people having a common cultural heritage, as opposed to the cuisine of a group of people bound together by geography or political factors, World History and Geography: Modern Times. Sociologist Louis Wirth (1945) defined a minority group as any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. The term minority connotes discrimination, and in its social scientists use, the term subordinate group can be used interchangeably with the term minority, while the term dominant group is often substituted for the group thats in the majority. an American whose first language is Spanish, an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages. On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded, and seven astronauts lost their lives. Notable among these were German Anabaptists, also called Mennonites, who broke with their church, moved to Lancaster County in southeastern Pennsylvania, and founded the oldest and largest Amish ethnic enclave in America. deep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier which had the highest concentration of slaves, Regional Cultural Distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland, an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background, a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions, the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization, migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there, letters from immigrants in the United States to frends and relitives in the old country, which spurred further immigration, the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area, the voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin. For best results enter two or more search terms. New stereotypes are rarely created; instead, they are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society and are reused to describe newly subordinate groups. Involuntary ethnic enclaves are largely the opposite of voluntary ethnic enclaves. federal states B. autonomous republics C. multistate nationsD. Intergroup relations (relationships between different groups of people) range along a spectrum between tolerance and intolerance. Identity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state. Segmented Assimilation Theory | Controversies, Importance & Examples. Symbolic Ethnicity Overview & Examples | What Is Symbolic Ethnicity? Understand what an ethnic enclave is, identify the causes of ethnic enclave formation, and see examples of ethnic enclaves in history. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. Cultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Prejudice refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes that someone holds about a group. Ethnic enclaves are formed in a variety of ways, but occur when people from a common ethnic background move close together in a new country. Amalgamation is the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. In the 1990s, the U.S. executive branch issued a formal apology for this expulsion; reparation efforts continue today. Ethnic religion: Religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts. Ethnicity. It is essential to distinguish between de jure segregation (segregation that is enforced by law) and de facto segregation (segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors). In 1972, West Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh. Hitlers intent was clear, and the high Jewish death toll certainly indicates that Hitler and his regime committed genocide. The most widespread are the Chinese diaspora enclaves. People with high levels of melanin may consider themselves white if they enjoy a middle-class lifestyle. Settlers also enslaved Native Americans and forced them to give up their religious and cultural practices. You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows: If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws flourished in the South during the Jim Crow era. An ethnic group can be described as a group of people who identify themselves as part of a group with a common heritage. Helpful videos for students of AP Human Geography. The years since the Civil War have shown a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods. Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. Examples of ethnic enclaves can be found across the world and throughout history, but they really became ubiquitous during the 19th century, with the first major waves of industrialization. Institutional discrimination occurs when a societal system has developed with embedded disenfranchisement of a group, such as the U.S. militarys historical nonacceptance of minority sexualities (the do not ask, do not tell policy reflected this norm). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The idea of race refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant, while ethnicity describes shared culture. The 911 operator told Zimmerman not to follow the teen, but soon after Zimmerman and Martin had a physical confrontation. Prejudiced nondiscriminators are those who hold racist beliefs but do not act on them, such as a racist store owner who serves minority customers. (n.) the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. AP Human Geography Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture, a new culture to which a person must acculturate, the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture, the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure, the study of spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based, the many forms and practices that define how a nation shops for, cooks, and consumes its food, People classified according to common traits and customs, A sizeable area inhabited by an ehnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of politcal and social control over it. Chinese traders and business people have developed trading posts that evolved into more substantial settlements as time passed. 1mapping 2analysis Spatial Dimensions of Religious & Ethnic Groups 5. Truly involuntary enclaves are generally referred to as ghettos (although it should be noted that academics disagree as to whether ghettos qualify as enclaves or not). Report an Error Social scientist, mile Durkheim calls racism a social fact, meaning that it does not require the action of individuals to continue. In either case, the stereotype is a generalization that does not take individual differences into account. Although the assumption of a linear relationship may not be valid for the set of 23 flights, fit a simple linear regression model to predict O\mathrm{O}O-ring damage, based on atmospheric temperature. Maximize, P=x1+2x2+3x3\quad P=x_1+2 x_2+3 x_3 Upon investigation after the tragedy, experts agreed that the disaster occurred because of leaky rubber O-rings that did not seal properly due to the cold temperature. On the evening of February 26, 2012, he was visiting with his father and his fathers fiance in the Sanford, Florida multi-ethnic gated community where his fathers fiance lived. The Chinatown in San Francisco is an example of an ethnic enclave that began involuntarily due to laws that restricted where they could live. Sometimes called the "first effective settlement" or "first self-perpetuating society" whose imprint affect modern cultural geography of an area. To trace the movement of ethnic groups, what TWO things do geographers focus on? Racist attitudes and beliefs are often more insidious and harder to pin down than specific racist practices. Download File. In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an essential function in order to exist as long as they have. A central challenge in clarifying the existence of an ethnic enclave presents when looking at the definition of ethnicity. Why? For example, consider apartheid in South Africa, in which a numerical majority (the black inhabitants of the country) were exploited and oppressed by the white minority. It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. (In fact, many Japanese Americans continued to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States by serving in the U.S. military during the War.) Separation of public life based on race; Laws established in the US Southern states after slavery and in effect until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Ethnic cleansing refers to methodical forcible removal of members of a certain ethnic, religious, or racial group from a given area, typically with the goal to make it ethnically homogeneous.. How planned this genocide was remains a topic of contention. When ethnic groups are forced to live in a segregated parts of the city, the neighborhood becomes a "ghetto.". Redlining maps like this one in Philadelphia divided cities into neighborhoods and, as is the case with redlining, those within these neighborhoods had greater difficulty in securing homeowner loans from banks. In Exercises 111 through 202020, differentiate the given function. In Southeast Asian Chinese enclaves, Chinese people have been known for their business acumen, running import and export businesses, Chinese restaurants, and banks. Additional examples of minority groups might include the LGBTQ+ community, religious practitioners whose faith is not widely practiced where they live, and people with disabilities. Albert Practice Questions. The Ku Klux Klan is an example of a racist organization; its members belief in white supremacy has encouraged over a century of hate crime and hate speech. The first ethnic group to establish cultural norms in an area. Many Americans were deeply distrustful of Chinese immigrants in particular, giving Chinatowns an especially defined role as safe spaces for Chinese immigrants to live and work, away from the racial persecution they may find elsewhere in American society. The development of a new cultural trait as a result of the fusion of two distinct but interacting cultures. Cleansing involves the effort to rid a country or region of everyone of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide. In turn, the AP Human Geography exam focuses on how religion impacts elements of the cultural landscape, so focus your studies on how aspects of a religion affect the way people interact with each other. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting that black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. Additionally, this century saw regional and civil conflicts such as those experienced in the Congo (6 million people died), as well as an upsurge in child soldiers and modern slavery. Researchers have noticed this as well, although they do have slightly more academic ways to describe it than comparing people to salad toppings. Trayvon left her home on foot to buy a snack from a nearby convenience store. The Amish have since spread into the midwestern states as well, forming several ethnic enclaves across the U.S. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.

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