Benjamin Ferencz: Well, don't say that. Lesley Stahl: You've really seen evil. He delivered the closing argument in the court's first case. Thanks to a grant from Tad Taube and Taube Philanthropies, now, on the 75th anniversary of the first major international war crimes trial ending, a significant new collection of digital materials will be made available to the public. 2021 19:03. Jackson submitted his final report to President Truman one week after the verdicts. FALSE: "Nuremberg Trial 2" took place due to the atrocities committed against humanity. [227] The main legal criticisms of the trial focused on questions of retroactivity, selectivity, and jurisdiction. / CBS News. Other absent and dead men including Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich, Adolf Eichmann, and Bormann were also blamed. If you are a doctor or a nurse, . For Cohen, testimonies in the archive show the lived horror of mass atrocity and violence, which is regretfully still relevant in the world today. [74], Although the list of defendants was finalized on 29 August,[75] as late as October, Jackson demanded changes and expansion of the defendants list, but this was rejected. The British government was still opposed, unable to see the benefit of such a trial and preferring the summary execution of Nazi leaders. General Telford Taylor, in charge of the Nuremberg trials, asked him to direct a team of researchers in Berlin, one of whom found a cache of top-secret documents in the ruins of the German foreign . Monday, Aug. 16, 2021, in Des Moines . Because I want peace instead of war. [146][147] Defense lawyer Alfred Seidl[de] repeatedly tried to disclose the secret protocols of the GermanSoviet pact. [87] In France, some verdicts were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived as too lenient. [73] Also on trial were propagandists Julius Streicher and Hans Fritzsche; Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy who had flown to Britain in 1941; Hans Frank, governor-general of the General Governorate of Poland; Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach; Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands; and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the leader of Himmler's Reich Main Security Office. One of America's most recognized and experienced broadcast journalists, Lesley Stahl has been a 60 Minutes correspondent since 1991. [52] Initially, it was planned that Iona Nikitchenko, who had presided over the Moscow trials, would serve as the chief prosecutor, but he was appointed as a judge and replaced by Roman Rudenko, a show trial prosecutor[53] chosen for his skill as an orator. Published Jul 14, 2021. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany waged war across Europe, invading Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Low Countries, France, Denmark, Norway, Yugoslavia, Greece, and the Soviet Union, among others. [44] As the numerically strongest delegation, it would take on the bulk of the prosecutorial effort. [188] The Office of Chief Counsel for War Crimes identified 2,500 major war criminals, of whom 177 were tried. In the Hostages case, several generals were tried for executing thousands of hostages and prisoners of war, looting, using forced labor, and deporting civilians in the Balkans. [135] The Soviet Union also called two Holocaust survivors as witnesses, Samuel Rajzmana Treblinka survivorand poet Abraham Sutzkever, who eloquently described the murder of tens of thousands of Jews from Vilna, although their testimony did not directly incriminate any of the defendants. The New Nuremberg Trials 2021. (The U.S. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries . The United States delegation outlined the overall Nazi conspiracy and criminality of Nazi organizations. The courtroom was Nuremberg; the crime, genocide; and the defendants, a group of German SS officers accused of committing the largest number of Nazi killings outside the concentration camps -- more than a million men, women, and children shot in their own towns and villages in cold blood. So you see these human stories which are not -- they're not real. [141] The defendants tried to blame their crimes on Hitler, who was mentioned 1,200 times during the trialmore than the top five defendants combined. subscribe to Stanford Report. Ferencz told us he is still haunted by the things he saw. On 17 September, the various delegations met to discuss the indictment. If we believe that understanding whats happened in the past is important for understanding the present and thinking about the future, then these testimonies are important.. Lesley Stahl: Going on right this minute in Sudan. Ben Ferencz entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. Brigadier General Telford Taylor was Chief of Counsel during the Doctors Trial. [103], Much of the American case focused on the development of the Nazi conspiracy before the outbreak of war. The International Military Tribunal, more commonly known at the Nuremberg trials, began this week 75 years ago in Nuremberg, Germany.The trials were a series of military tribunals held to convict major Nazi German leaders on charges of crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit each of these crimes. Benjamin Ferencz: No. Germany, May 1945: a surrender, a country in chaos and the top Nazi leaders attempting to slip away. Many of the worst offenders were not prosecuted, for logistical or financial reasons. Transfer of the Nuremberg Trial Archives to the Peace Palace, March 14, 1950. Ron DeSantis awarded B [89] Because of the loose evidentiary rules, photographs, charts, maps, and films played an important role in making incredible crimes believable. The claim has circulated widely online, including in this November 24, 2021 article (archived here) published by biotechexpressmag.com titled "Team of 1,000 lawyers and 10,000 Medical Experts Start Nuremberg 2 Trial against World Leaders for Crimes Against Humanity." It opened: [66][67] The prosecutors wanted to try representative leaders of German politics, economy, and military; and the Americans had a list of 70 names at the London Conference. Lesley Stahl: You know, you-- have seen the ugliest side of humanity. The trials weren't perfect, but the Allies had wanted to shoot the defendants, so at least the . It is not often you get the chance to meet a man who holds a place in history like Ben Ferencz. The verdict was drafted by British alternate judge Norman Birkett. Judges deliberate at the trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 1, 1945. [106] Although these aspects had already been covered by the American prosecution, Soviet prosecutors introduced new evidence from Extraordinary State Commission reports and interrogations of senior enemy officers. more_horiz. Nov. 20, 2021 / 3:00 AM On This Day: Nuremberg trials begin On Nov. 20, 1945, 24 German leaders went on trial at Nuremberg before the International War Crimes Tribunal. [111][112] The British case covered invasions, from that of Poland to that of the Soviet Union, which Shawcross covered in the second part of his speech;[113] these charges took three days to present, with Maxwell Fyfe detailing 15 treaties broken by Germany. She describes in great detail what she and many others had to endure: starvation, slave labor, beatings, epidemics and extreme cold as well the daily trauma of witnessing thousands sent to gas chambers, never to return, among many other cruelties. Benjamin Ferencz: Well, if it's naive to want peace instead of war, let 'em make sure they say I'm naive. This week, the U.S. [182] Nikichenko released a dissent approved by Moscow that rejected all the acquittals, called for a death sentence for Hess, and convicted all the organizations. At the opening of his trial in Nuremberg, . One of these-- my defendants said-- He gets up, and he says, "[GERMAN]," which is, "What? Exhibit 179, from Kiev in 1941: "The city's Jews were ordered to present themselves about 34,000 reported, including women and children. [61], The problem of translating the indictment and evidence into the three official languages of the tribunal, as well as German, was severe due to the scale of the task and difficulty in recruiting interpreters, especially in the Soviet Union. [10][11], Of all the Allies, the Soviet Union lobbied most intensely for trying the defeated German leaders for aggression in addition to war crimes. (November 18, 2021 / JNS) A bipartisan group of the members of the U.S. House of Representatives introduced a bill on Thursday to award a Congressional Gold Medal to the last living prosecutor of the Nuremberg trials.. [94] All defendants pleaded not guilty. He's an intelligent, patriotic human being. [4], In early 1942, representatives of eight governments-in-exile in the United Kingdom issued a declaration on Punishment for War Crimes, which demanded an international court to try the Axis crimes committed in occupied countries. Institutional rivalries hampered the search. His equivocations, standing in sharp contrast to his genocidal editorial line reflected in slogans like Germany will live as long as it sees the Jews as the mortal enemy of mankind, are now available online for the first time along with hundreds of additional hours of audio and video recordings from the trials of 24 Nazis that ended 1946, nearly 75 years ago. War makes murderers out of otherwise decent people. [179], The exact sentences to be given each defendant were debated at length by the judges. Bus Tours. [41][42], The United States' chief prosecutor was Supreme Court justice Robert H. All eight judges participated in the deliberations, but the alternates could not cast a vote. Benjamin Ferencz: There was only one time I wanted to-- really. And you're full of energy and passion. A bust of Ferencz was just installed outside that Nuremberg courtroom where he argued almost three-quarters of a century ago. They all have already tags on 'em. Screenshot from film showing the Einsatzgruppen at work. The verdicts against ex-SS guards and . Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). If they tell me they want war instead of peace, I don't say they're naive, I say they're stupid. Benjamin Ferencz: I don't think I'm an idealist. Exhibit 84, from Einsatzgruppen D in March of 1942: Total number executed so far: 91,678. [173] The war crimes and crimes-against-humanity charges held up the best, with only two defendants who were charged being acquitted on those charges. 22 mins. And I can't believe you're 97 years old. [208][209] Many Germans lumped criminal trials with denazification, internment, and confrontation with the concentration camps, as illegitimate victor's justice and the imposition of collective guilt. The film, compiled from footage of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps, shocked both the defendants and the judges, who adjourned the trial. They could-- like, they're waiting for a bus. That is the current system. [120] Ultimately, the French prosecution was unable to convince the court that Germanization was a crime against humanity, and incidents such as the German annexation of AlsaceLorraine went unmentioned in the final verdict. Then a series of subsequent trials were mounted against other Nazi leaders, including 22 SS officers responsible for killing more than a million people -- not in concentration camps -- but in towns and villages across Eastern Europe. By SIMCHA PASKO 01/10/2021 [134] The second film included footage of the liberation of Majdanek and the liberation of Auschwitz and was considered even more disturbing than the American concentration camp film. [87][149] United States admiral Chester Nimitz testified that the United States had used the same methods of submarine warfare that the German admirals were accused of; Dnitz's counsel successfully argued that this meant that such actions could not be crimes. Taylor told Ferencz adding another trial was impossible. [155] In the context of the brewing Cold War, the trial became a means of condemning not only Germany but also the Soviet Union. [129] The Soviet prosecution also attempted to fabricate German responsibility for the Katyn massacre, which had in fact been committed by the Soviet Union. [232] On 11 December 1946, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously passed a resolution affirming "the principles of international law recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the judgment of the Tribunal". June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM Preserving records from the Nuremberg Trial as well as materials from the subsequent tribunals and truth and reconciliation commissions it inspired is crucial to protecting the historic and judicial legacies of the war and acknowledging the consequences of mass atrocities, said David Cohen, director of the Stanford Center for Human Rights and International Justice and professor of classics in the School of Humanities and Sciences. 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