Ballistic communication methods used at volcanoes include hazard and risk assessments, hazard maps, volcano monitoring and research, real-time warning systems, volcanic alert levels; volcano warnings, alert bulletins and communication with agencies; response exercises, education materials, response plans, exclusion and evacuation zones, instructions and signage for what to do in the event of an eruption around the volcano, community engagement, educational materials, and land-use planning and infrastructure design. Prior to the eruption, Gifu and Nagano prefectures had separate commissions to manage volcanic activity from Mt. We summarise the three that could be found. The risk assessments by Jolly et al. Continuous Vulcanian eruptions have occurred since 2009 from the andesitic composite cone (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013b). - Bigger pumice fragments are lapilli mixed with finer ash, Pele's Tears ; Ash. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in spilled out of Lake Nyos, and flowed silently down a canyon and through 3 Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles endanger life and property Ballistic hazard is confined to one hazard zone (a 5km concentric radius around the vent), whose extent is based on Blongs (1996) assessment that ballistics generally do not travel further than 5km from vent. Even many months later, people in three states were dealing with the ash that had been resuspended by the wind and human activity. (4) _kpbrg cgi cbgidk rgeingll/ruijnn rklgtejisbeps. Work is ongoing to reduce this risk. Usu, Japan eruption, d Damage to the environment illustrated by a 4.4m wide crater from the August 2012 Upper Te Maari, Tongariro eruption, e Damage to a hiking hut from 2012 Upper Te Maari ballistics (Photo credit Nick Kennedy). Once complete, risk can be evaluated and appropriate management and communication strategies implemented. Hint: Start with the highest power of x and work down in finding the correct combination. Communication delivered jointly by scientists and the local community is also advisable as community members may be better trusted and better communicators to their community than scientists in isolation. 2014b). The parameter by which the zone is based on is not provided (e.g. Fuji Research Institute (MFRI), 5597-1 Kenmarubi Kamiyoshida Fujiyoshida-Shi, Yamanashi, 403-0005, Japan, Department of Conservation, PO Box 528, Taupo, 3351, New Zealand, You can also search for this author in Additionally, the map identifies nearby towns and roads exposed to ballistic hazard. Risk assessments estimate the likelihood of consequences (i.e. b. Advances in Volcanology. Maps are generally event-specific and only used over a short time-frame, reverting back to the original background hazard maps once the crisis period is over (Leonard et al. Springer, Netherlands, pp 110112, Sparks RSJ, Aspinall WP, Crosweller HS, Hincks TK (2013) Risk and uncertainty assessment of volcanic hazards. Mount St. Helens produces small to largeexplosive eruptions, which send varying quantities ofashandtephrainto the atmosphere. 2. In collaboration with researchers from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, the Hazards Vulnerability Team worked on better understanding and communicating. Follow a projectile path as these are forced out of the vent at steep angles like a cannon ball. How far the projectiles go from the vent partly depends on the, Chapter 5.4 : Tephra Falls and Basaltic Proje. (1999). travel distance, density of impacts in an area, size and or energy of expected ballistics in given scenarios). Accessed Jul 21 2015, NIED (1980) Field report of the disaster from Ontake 1979 eruption. Even thin (<2 cm) falls of ash can damage critical facilities (e.g., hospitals, electric-generating plants, and pumping stations); can short circuit electric . Access is generally controlled at all times (even during periods of quiescence), sometimes with permanent restriction zones in which nobody is allowed to enter due to the risk of being struck by ballistics (Kagoshima City 2010). 5e). . Instead, visitors and stakeholders would have to rely on their knowledge of the potential hazards and the response actions to take, especially if there are no real-time warning systems. GNS volcanic alert bulletins were also produced, communicating updates on the precursory phenomena observed at Tongariro (Volcanic Alert Bulletins TON-2012/0104; Fig. They often rely on tourism operators/employees/guides to inform them of volcanic hazards and the correct actions to take in an eruption (Leonard et al. Ballistic Projectiles. Its deposits are derived from Plinian eruptions like the type which occured in 1991 eruption of Pinatubo. Potential hazards posed by U.S. volcanoes include tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and surges, VOG, ballistic projectiles, lahar and lava flows. Three other notable risk communication and mitigation measures have been implemented at Sakurajima. Their exit velocities can reach hundreds of metres per second and land up to ~10km from the vent, although typically within five kilometres (Blong 1984; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. What is the description of ballistic projectiles? These volcanoes have been chosen for their variation in: frequency of eruption (Sakurajima and Yasur frequently erupt, while Upper Te Maari and Mt. 2014). Ontake, Japan (Table2). Strombolian and Vulcanian eruptions have been relatively continuous since 1774 (Eissen et al. Ontake 2014 eruption resulted in the most fatalities from any of the case studies, and provides a chance to analyse why this was so with the aim of preventing it from occurring again. The main way assessments are communicated is through a map (Haynes et al. Many people and The review suggests future improvements to the communication and management of ballistic hazard. The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun Press, Nagano (in Japanese), Siegrist M, Cvetkovich G (2000) Perception of hazards: the role of social trust and knowledge. Express each of the following polynomials as linear combinations of Legendre polynomials. Hgllestec prjakctelks grk rjc`s tbgt gi krupteid vjlcgij fgy. Users must be able to trust the source of the information being released as well as how and what is presented (Slovic 2000; Haynes et al. Scientists/authors should always strive to be transparent in their methodology. The study only considers one eruption (the last major eruption), thus is lacking eruption frequency and magnitude, and does not provide any probabilities of building damage occurring. Assessments may also vary depending on the state of the volcano. Kakcteji vkljceteks grk ei tbk rgidk jn 4;f/s tj 38=, f/s. One hut, Ketetahi Hut, is located within the summit hazard zone, though is not reinforced to protect against ballistic impact. New Zealand). particles generally travel further and cover a greater area in Vulcanian eruptions (Nairn and Self 1978; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Some then attempted to shelter around the summit shrine which they could not gain access to (the summit shrine is only open from the beginning of July to early September). They should be constantly refined and improved as new information becomes available. 2008; Bird et al. https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Act_Vol/sakurajima/text/eng/exp01-5e.html. In the case of ballistics, limits or restrictions on access or development are usually achieved via creation of an exclusion zone, typically 14km in radius (Kagoshima City 2010; Jolly et al. Et es g syijiyf njr, vjlcgiec rjc` gio lgvg fgtkregls tbgt grk kakctko eitj tbk ger hy kxpljsejis jr cgrreko. Hljc`s gio, hjfhs gs lgrdk gs 2-3= tjis bgvk ngllki gs ngr gwgy gs 7 `f nrjf tbker sjurck. J Volcanol Geoth Res 149(12):160175, Christiansen RL (1980) Eruption of Mount St. Helensvolcanology. 2002; Mount Fuji Disaster Prevention Council 2004; Kagoshima City 2010; Leonard et al. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Hjfhs grk kakctko gs, eicgioksckit lgvg nrgdfkits wbecb wkrk skfe-fjltki wbki gerhjrik, tbus, eibkreteid strkgfleiko, gkrjoyigfec sbgpks. Odbert et al. (2014) estimate a ballistic only needs 4001000J of kinetic energy to penetrate a metal sheet roof, far less than the estimated kinetic energy of ballistics (~106J) from VEI 2-4 eruptions (Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Fitzgerald, R.H., Kennedy, B.M., Wilson, T.M., Leonard, G.S., Tsunematsu, K., Keys, H. (2017). . If the August 2012 eruption had occurred in peak tourist season, then a similar amount of fatalities as Ontake potentially could have occurred. Tephra falls range in size from less than 2 mm (ash) to more than 1 m in diameter. Unrest was observed at the volcano up to three weeks before the eruption, initially in the form of increased seismicity and then increased magmatic gas content (Jolly et al. 2014). level 5 with evacuate). Sakurajima is constantly monitored by the Sakurajima Volcano Observatory and is considered to be one of the best monitored volcanoes in Japan (GSJ 2013). 2014). National Catalogue of the active volcanoes in Japan (4th edn). Multiple factors contributed to the high fatality rate: The eruption happened in peak season when ~340 people were on the mountain. Potential hazards posed by U.S. volcanoes include tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and surges, VOG, ballistic projectiles, lahar and lava flows. particles in air and water which clogs filters and vents of motors, Geophysica, 317330, Pomonis A, Spence R, Baxter P (1999) Risk assessment of residential buildings for an eruption of Furnas Volcano, Sao Miguel, the Azores. Water flows in an open rectangular channel at a depth of 3ft3 \mathrm{ft}3ft with a velocity of 12ft/sec12~\mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{sec}12ft/sec. In times of quiescence focus is placed on risk mitigation and preparedness, with access generally allowed into the hazard zone. doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2152-0, Artunduaga A, Jimenez G (1997) Third version of the hazard map of Galeras Volcano, Colombia. death, injury, damage (Fitzgerald et al. In addition, further research has been completed on the ballistic hazard produced in the eruption. and walls, designing filters for machinery, wearing respirators or wet Accessed 18 Oct 2015, Keys HJR, Green PM (2010) Mitigation of volcanic risks at Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand. Even thin (<2 cm) The other half of the map consists of information on precursory phenomena likely to be felt and who to call if detected; how volcanic warnings will be disseminated and the measures needed to be taken; what the five volcanic alert levels are/what activity is expected and the consequent actions needed to be taken; information on major historic eruptions and recent activity; and evacuation procedures. 1a, b). The ranges of pyroclasts ejected in transient volcanic explosions. Tons of carbon dioxide An English version of the map is available in addition to the original in Japanese. Ballistics are not a hazard in isolation. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. Mt. Personal safety measures taken by exposed hikers saved lives. For example, where frequent Strombolian eruptions are the main source of ballistics, it may be possible to watch the low velocity ballistics and move out of their path. 2013). from one vent), rather than the entire background risk from that volcano (e.g. Accessed Jun 2015, Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory (2009) Volcanic Alert Status. Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles - refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by the eruption column's hot gases or lava fountains. The term tephra defines all pieces of . Fallingash, even in low concentrations, can disrupt human activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can endanger jet aircraft thousands of miles away. 2010; Jolly et al. Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles formed on Land. 2014). Transparency builds trust and credibility. Hljc`s grk lgrdk hrj`ki pekcks jr cbeps nrjf tbk, Ets okpjsets grk okrevko nrjf ]leiegi kruptejis le`k tbk typk wbecb jccurko ei, Ets okpjsets grk prjoucts jn Strjfhjlegi kruptejis jn hgsgltec tj gioksetec, Lgpelle-sezk nrgdfkits jn hgsgltec lgvg fgy cjjl quec`ly wbelk gerhjrik, tj njrf. The event-specific hazard maps are generally shared around the various media outlets (e.g., television, radio, newspapers, Facebook, Twitter) to inform the public of the updated hazard, as well as through the usual means of communication. Ontake, Japan the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention in Japan (NIED, though now renamed to National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience) completed a report recommending: regulations on development and land-use, building of ballistic shelters and evacuation facilities, and the development of emergency plans, as an eruption in the summer hiking season would likely result in human casualties (NIED 1980). J Volcanol Geoth Res 182(34):269277, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Environ Hazards 3:93109, Smithsonian Institution (2013) Ontakesan bulletin reports, Global Volcanism Program. A new, event-specific Te Maari hazard map was created using mapped deposits and the most likely hazard scenarios, in which the main hazard zone was increased to a 3km radius (choosing the larger potential radius based on historic events) down-slope and deliberately renamed the Active Volcanic Hazard Zone (AVHZ) to distinguish it from the former map (Fig. 2008; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Impacts from projectiles are amongst the most frequent causes of fatal volcanic incidents and the cause of hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage to buildings, infrastructure and property worldwide. In the case of a volcano in a state of unrest, assessments may be limited by the availability of safe locations to survey, and this is especially likely once an eruption episode has commenced as evident during the 2012 Upper Te Maari, Tongariro eruptions and assessments presented later. 2013; Breard et al. Following the eruption, the Volcanic Alert Level was increased to 3, warning people not to approach the volcano (as access was restricted), and that blocks may be ejected up to 1km from vent (based on previous eruptions). However, it was not publically available before the August 6th eruption (Leonard et al. For this reason, the number of particles, sizes of particles, and spatial density per unit area is rarely reported (only four publications could be found with this level of detailPistolesi et al. Meetings and consultations with local communities, emergency managers and other stakeholders should also occur during and following volcanic crises. http://www.geotimes.org/apr04/feature_VPI.html. and several of the most notorious volcanoes have been designated as Geography 60(5):4349 (In Japanese), UNISDR (2009) United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction: UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction (2009). Pumice ; maximum travel distance, spatial density of impacts) and no advice accompanies the hazard map, though a residents handbook was printed that included examples of what ballistics are and how far they can travel. sbgros, hut wetb vgreghlk gfjuits jn hrj`ki crystgl gio letbec (rjc`) nrgdfkits. a. J Volcanol Geoth Res 231232:111, The Japan News 26/10/2014. ff ei oegfktkr0 heddkr pufeck nrgdfkits fexko wetb neikr gsb, 9>? 2015). Geomorphic changes, Section 5.4 : Tephra Falls and Basaltic Proje, Chapter 8: mental health and well -being in m, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. The distribution (distance from vent, direction, area and density) of ejected ballistics is controlled by the explosivity, type, size and direction of explosive eruptions, and usually creates spatially variable deposits (Gurioli et al. died at Chichnal Volcano in southern Mexico in 1982 from pyroclastic J Appl Volcanol 4:6, Thouret J-C, Lavigne F, Kelfoun K, Bronto S (2000) Toward a revised hazard assessment at Merapi volcano, Central Java. for concentrated hazards research. United States Geological Survey Open File Report 00-519, Plate1, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) (2015). The high kinetic and thermal energy of ballistics can puncture, dent, melt, burn and knock down structures and their associated systems, such as power supply and telecommunication masts; crater roads; and crush and potentially ignite crops (Booth 1979; Calvari et al. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, R. H. Fitzgerald,B. M. Kennedy&T. M. Wilson, GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand, Mt. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kazan/fujisan-kyougikai/report/. We note many of these issues transcend volcanic ballistics to include nearly all volcano types and volcanic hazards: What is the most effective way to manage and communicate risk from volcanoes which are (highly) visited and/or settled which experience eruptions with very short and/or no meaningful warnings (e.g. The Alert Level was not raised following increased seismicity beginning 16days before the eruption. The 1979 eruption was preceded by earthquake swarms for a year and five months. Disaster Prev Manag 8:118126, Johnston DM, Houghton BF, Neall VE, Ronan KR, Paton D (2000) Impacts of the 1945 and 19951996 Ruapehu eruptions, New Zealand: an example of increasing societal vulnerability. At higher levels,where the prevailing winds take over, atmospheric flow is more _________ in direction. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 12831299, Slovic P (2000) Perception of risk. Yasur Volcano is a frequently erupting basaltic scoria cone located on Tanna Island, Vanuatu (Cronin and Sharp 2002). But, billions of smaller and lighter pieces less than 2 mm diameter (less than one tenth of an inch . And the 2007 eruption was preceded by inflation and seismicity for three months, accompanied by increasing fumarolic activity the week prior (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013a). Ballistics are usually represented by one hazard zone, often based on the maximum or expected travel distance of a ballistic clast. This leads to a limited understanding of the hazard and risk posed to the area. Effective communication of ballistic hazard and risk to end-users such as the public, stakeholders in the area and emergency managers underpins effective development and implementation of these risk management strategies. 2013; Fitzgerald et al. This chapter is published under an open access license. http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20141010k0000m040138000c.html. More typically, ballistic projectiles are limited to within about 5 km (3 mi) ofvents. 2004; Leonard et al. Projectiles range from a few centimetres to tens of metres in diameter and separate from the eruptive column to follow nearly parabolic trajectories (Wilson 1972; Fagents and Wilson 1993; Bower and Woods 1996). tephra fall or ashfall and ballistic projectiles Tephra (fragmented volcanic particles) or ash (fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter) propelled through the atmosphere in an eruption plume or an eruption column eventually fall or gravitationally settle over areas downwind of an erupting volcano, forming blankets of tephra . Engagement allows the community to be prepared in the event of an eruption and to know what to do in the event that they are within hazard areas. 2013; Turtle et al. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172(34):179188, Pistolesi M, Rosi M, Pioli L, Renzulli A, Bertagnini A, Andronico D (2008) The paroxysmal event and its deposits. Decade Volcanoes Methods and assessments should also be made fully available to other scientists so that these methods can be adopted at other volcanoes if chosen, which would increase best-practice and encourage similar and comparable methodologies. Tourists spend only a short amount of time in areas (hours to weeks) and often have little knowledge of the hazards or the available protection resources (Murphy and Bayley 1989; Drabek 1995; Burby and Wagner 1996; Bird et al. When it has settled on and near the ground, volcanic ash threatens the health of people and livestock, damages electronics and machinery, and interrupts power generation, water and transportation systems, and telecommunications. What are the most appropriate risk management and communication strategies for volcanoes where ballistic (and other) risk is present which have poorly understood eruptive histories and/or monitoring systems? Glacier melting produced by a ballistic missile is a function of the potential and kinetic energy involved from the moment of ejection of the projectile at the crater, until its impact on the glacier (see Delgado-Granados et al., 2007). Fatalities from ballistics could occur at all of the case study volcanoes. Ballistic projectiles Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. 2012; Gurioli et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. R. H. Fitzgerald . Geophys Res Lett 25(18):34293432, Scott BJ, Potter SH (2014) Aspects of historical eruptive activity and volcanic unrest at Mt. 2010; Williams and Keys 2013). Volcanic ash that reaches your community might be from a distant volcano, and not necessarily from the Cascades volcano closest to you. 2014; Tsunematsu et al. The spatial distribution was mapped from aerial photos by Kaneko et al. In addition, population growth in many volcanic regions means increasing numbers of people are settling closer to and on volcanoes (Small and Naumann 2001; Ewart and Harpel 2004). For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ. http://www.nhk.or.jp/d-navi/link/ontake2014-en/index.html. Bull Volc 35:383401, Geological Survey of Japan (2013) Sakurajima Volcano, 2nd edn. The Mt. 3). Ideal assessments involve a number of steps including: (1) a review of the eruption history of the volcano to determine past eruption frequencies and magnitudes, thus informing future eruption probabilities; (2) field mapping, remote sensing and/or review of past reports and literature to determine the nature and extent of past ballistic distributions; (3) utilising ballistic trajectory models to explore possible future distributions and areas of hazard; (4) identifying exposed assets in the area such as humans (visitors and inhabitants) and infrastructure; and (5) estimating their vulnerability to the hazard i.e. Improved steps needed to inform volcano climbers in Japan. This was distributed to the media (print, television, web and radio) to inform a wider audience (Leonard et al. 2015). Initial assessments suggested that ballistics were the main hazard to life from the eruption, though detailed mapping was not able to be carried out until months later when risk levels had decreased (Fitzgerald et al. An updated risk management framework has been developed from 2012 to 2016 including updated bulletins and VALs, background and safety (crisis) hazard maps, and tourist information including education and safety map information. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 2014). Nat Hazards Rev 1(2):119125, Sorensen JH (2013) Communicating emergency information. The projectiles of lava or solid rock, ranging from a few centimetres to several metres in diameter, are erupted with high kinetic, and sometimes thermal, energy. As it is frequently erupting, it is assumed that visitors accept the risk that they are entering into an active volcanic hazard zone. These blocks and bombs travel like cannon balls and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.) d GeoNet website showing monitoring data such as Volcanic Alert Level, seismic drums and visuals of the volcano. Ashparticles further act as contaminates in water supplies, leading to damage at hydroelectric facilities, irrigation pumping stations, sewage-treatment facilities, and storm water systems. Tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges, ballistic projectiles, and lava flows occur only during eruptions. Bull Volc 74(9):21552169, CrossRef A classical atom that has an electron orbiting at frequency fff would emit electromagnetic waves of frequency fff because the electron's orbit, seen edge-on, looks like an oscillating electric dipole. 2014b). Lastly, concrete roofed shelters have been built around the island to protect visitors from falling ballistics (Erfurt-Cooper 2010). Ejection velocities are in the range of 75m/s to 320 m/s. Though work has been completed on ballistic hazard (e.g., mapping deposits, better understanding eruption dynamics and the factors that influence ballistic distribution, recording particle velocities, the creation and use of ballistic trajectory models, and the production of hazard maps either focussed solely on ballistics or as an aspect of a multi-hazard map), very little has been focussed on the management of ballistic risk, leaving a large knowledge gap and a need for research in this area. year that was called "the year without summer", Refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by eruption column's hot gases or lava fountains, Range in size from less than 2 mm (ash) to more than 1m in diameter, Consists of ash (<2 mm) and of the coarser lapilli (2-64 mm in diameter), Typically falls back to the ground on or close ro the volcano and progressively smaller fragments are carried away from the vent by wind, Chips of the walls of the volcanic vent, rough with sharp edges, Influences the distribution of tephra falling out of the eruption cloud, Follow a projectile path as these are forced out of the vent at steep angles like a cannon ball, - derived from fresh magma 2016). 1a, b). Bull Volcanol 66(7):652668, Department of Conservation (2012) Volcanic risk in Tongariro National Park. 485490, Kilgour G, Della Pasqua F, Hodgson KA, Jolly GE (2010) The 25 September 2007 eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: directed ballistics, surtseyan jets, and ice-slurry lahars. J Volcanol Geoth Res 231232:109131, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2007) Volcanic hazard communication using maps: an evaluation of their effectiveness. b. whole blood. Seismicity declined in the days prior to eruption and thus the TAC remained open to tourists (Jolly et al. Tephra. The 27 September 2014 phreatic eruption occurred at lunchtime on a busy autumn day when ~340 hikers were on the mountain (Tsunematsu et al. 2008; Bird et al. 4). - Mix of broken glass and pulverized rock, 2-64 mm diam. Ontake is constantly monitored by the JMA, with seismometers, GPS stations, tiltmeters, cameras and infrasonic microphones (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013a). Here, we review the research to date on ballistic distributions, impacts, hazard and risk assessments and maps, and methods of communicating and managing ballistic risk including how these change with a changing risk environment. 2014a). They have tenperatures above ignition points. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF Geology 41(5):559562, Hadisantono RD, Andreastuti MCHSD, Abdurachman EK, Sayudi DS, Nursusanto I, Martono A, Sumpena AD, Muzani M (2002) Peta Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gung Api Merapi, Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta scale 1:50 000 Direktorat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Bandung, Harris AJL, Ripepe M, Hughes EA (2012) Detailed analysis of particle launch velocities, size distributions and gas densities during normal explosions at Stromboli. 2013; Kaneko et al. Meetings and other discussions were held with the local residents and businesses involved with the TAC to discuss the situation and future scenarios. Bull Volc 70(2):123138, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. J Volcanol Geoth Res 77:325338, Becker JS, Saunders WSA, Robertson CM, Leonard GS, Johnston DM (2010) A synthesis of challenges and opportunitiesfor reducing volcanic risk throughland use planning in New Zealand. Probabilities were re-assessed every week immediately after eruption, which was subsequently extended to every month, then every three months as time passed. This is a critical issue for managing ballistic risk, as eruptions with longer unrest phases typically allow evacuation of ballistic hazard zones before the eruption. Search and Rescue teams were deployed to rescue the injured hikers and those that sheltered in the buildings at the summit, and to recover the dead. 2012; Maeno et al. The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards. 1d) are also common occurrences from ballistics during explosive eruptions. Multiple zones of different impact intensity may be shown (e.g. Science needs to be communicated to decision-makers, stakeholders, and the public and understood and absorbed by them so they can make informed decisions. Studies of these deposits reveal that we should anticipate potential hazards from some phenomena that only occur during eruptions and from others that may occur without eruptive activity.

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